BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA. VOLUME II. / >'^^^ THE BUTTEEFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA BY .^>> WILLIAM H.^EDWARDS SECOND SERIES BOSTON HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street Ci)e EtttereiDr Prcee, Cambnbse 1884 What a do was there made in London at a certein man becaufe he fayd, and in dede at that time on a iuft caufe. Burgeffes quod he, na butterflies. Lorde what a do there was for yat worde. And yet would God they were no worfe then butterflies. Butterflyes do but theyre nature, the butterflye is not couetoufe, is not gredye of other mens goodes, is not ful of cnuy and hatered, is not malicious, is not cruel, is not mercilelTe. — Laiinur. PREFACE. In the present Volume will be found much original matter on the early stages of the species treated of, and in consequence of this the labor of preparing and coloring the Plates has been very much greater than it was in the first Volume. Hence the dela}' in the issue of the several Parts. I have been seconded to the utmost by Mrs. Mary Peart, who has not only drawn the early stages on the stone, but previously on paper, making in each case colored figures ; and in order to do this has had to aid in rearing the larvoB, and to take a vast amount of trouble upon herself. Of the one hundred and one Plates in the two Volumes, ninety-eight have been done by Mrs. Peart, with a fidelity to nature that cannot be surpassed ; and of the total number one hundred have been colored by Mrs. Lydia Bowen and her sister, Mrs. Leslie, to whom I am under great obligations for the interest they have constantly taken in all that concerned their depart- ment. Their skill and patient care every Plate bears witness to. 1 have received valuable aid in obtaining eggs or larviB from many correspon- dents, whose names will be found mentioned. In the Advertisement to the first Volume, 1868, regret was expressed that in so few instances anything could be said of the larvae : " Even among our old and common species, the larva? are but little more known than in the daj's of Abbot, seventy years ago." All that is changed, and to-day it can be said that the preparatory stages of North American butterflies as a whole are better known than are those of Europe ; and so many zealous workers are now busy in the field that another period of sixteen years may leave comparatively little to be done in these investigations. I hope, after an interval of a few months, to proceed with a third Volume, for whicli I have in hand abundant materials. WILLIAM H. EDWARDS. COALBURGH, W. Va., 1 November, 1884. u ERRATA. CoLiAS EuRTTHEME. (Colias IV.) 3d page of, for breadth of chrysalis, " .09 and .11 inch," read .18 and .22 inch. LiMENiTis Aethemis. (Limen. I.) 5th page of. 7th hne from bottom, for 5th read 4th. In explanations of same Plate: for "young larva (not on Plate)," read )iot lettered on Plate, Grapta hi., in Note, 4tli line of, for " nettle,'' read f/ooseberrj/. Papilio Indra (Pap° IX.), 1st page, bottom line, for ''abdomen white," read abdomen wholly, etc. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. Papilio Zolicaon. — In 1883, I raised many larvte from eggs sent me by Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, California, and obtained descriptions, as well as a series of drawings, of all the larval stages. It was my intention to give an additional Plate illustrating these stages and the corresponding- ones of Asterias and Machaon ; but circumstances have compelled me to post- pone the Plate. If I go on with a third Volume this species M'ill receive early attention. In the text to Zolicaon I said : " ZoUcaon belongs to the 3fachaoii group." Further examination of the imago shows that the two species are not members of the same group, and this is sustained by the comparison of the larval stages. ZoUcaon is nearer Asterias. So far as concerns the butterflies I have treated of these species and their relationship at length in " Papilio," vol. iii., p. 45, et scq, 1883. Papilio Oregonia. — In the descriptive text I said : " The anal spot small, . . . wit/i a rounded black spot in the middle, and which is connected with the narrow black edge of the margin." It should properly have read, " with a strijje or cluh-shcqjed sjwt in the middle," etc. In the paper above referred to, in " Pa- pilio," vol. iii., the peculiarities of the anal spots in Oregonia, Machaon, ZoUcaon, and Asterias are illustrated by figures, and in the text the relationship of all these and other allied species is considered. As regards Oregonia, I come to this conclusion : "■ Oregonia belongs to the Macliaon group, and (perhaps with some other species) forms a sub-group of equal rank at least with the sub-group to which the species Machaon belongs. It certainly cannot have been derived from the species Machaon'' I have a colored drawing of the mature larva of Oregonia, made by Mr. R. H. Stretch, and there is very little resemblance be- tween it and the mature larva of Machaon. Papilio Dauxus. — Mr. B. Neumoegen received, in 1881, two blown skins of the mature larva of this species and three living chrysalids. One of the latter was given me, and after a drawing was made of it I put it in alcohol. The SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. other two Mr. Neumoegen retained. One of them, on 7th September, 1882, gave imago, the other passed the second winter and then gave imago. So pro- tracted a chrjsahs period is remarkable and extremely unusual in butterflies. The caterpillar is very like that of Rutulus, green, with a pair of club-shaped spots on fourth segment, after the pattern of Rutulus, and therefore unlike Turniis. Mr. E. M. Dodge observed Daunus ovipositing at Boulder, Colorado, 1882. By confining a female in bag over a branch of wild plum-tree he ob- tained many eggs, and forwarded them to me. Unfortunately they were lost in the mail. CoLi.\s PiiiLODiCE. — The larval measurements in the text are given in the last part of the stages 8 to 5. Taken at twenty-four hours from the several moults, the length would be — Young larva First moult Second moult . Third moult Fourth moult . Mature . .OG inch. .12 inch. .18 inch. .3 inch. .52 to .56 inch. 1 to 1.1 inch. In general, the larval measurements in this Volume have been taken at from twelve to twenty-four hours after the moult. Argynnis Meadii. — Tlie extensive collections made in Nevada by Mr. Mor- rison render it highly probable that Ileadll is an extreme variety of A. Heva- densis. On the Plate of Nevadensis, in vol. i., two species are figured, the male being Nevadensis, the female Coronis, Behr, a species widely dispersed, flying from southern California to Montana and British America, and subject to a good deal of variation. Melit.ea Phaeton. — In addition to tlie plants named in the text, the larva of this species is now known to feed on Mimulus ringens and Gerardia pedicu- lata. Ap..iTURA Leilia. — The male only is figured, and at the time the Plate issued the other sex was unknown. Subsequent collecting by Messrs. Doll and Morri- son, iu Arizona, have made us familiar with the species in both sexes. Apatora Flora. — Under Cl/yton I described Flora as a possible variety of that species. In 1880, I received young Uvvx of Flora from Dr. Wittfeld, In- dian Kiver, Fla., who obtained eggs by confining females over branches of Celtis. These I reared to imago. Since then I have several times had the species. It IS undoubtedly distinct from C/i/ion. The preparatory stages are described by me in the " Canadian Entomologist," vol. xiii., p. 82, 1881. Apatura Alicia. — Figured and described in vol. i. This species also I have SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. repeatedly bred from the egg, and the preparatory stages were described by me in " Psyche," vol. iii., p. 123, 1880. Satyrus Pegala, Fab. — Under S. AlojJe I had occasion to speak of Perjala, a species mostly confined to the southern part of the Gulf States. " Pegala is restricted to the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico and a strip along the Atlantic coast, at least as far to the north as Charleston, S. C. I cannot learn tliatPf77«/« and Alope fly in the same localities or even in the same districts." Within the last two years, Mr. E. M. Aaron has discovered a few examples of Pccjala in southern New Jersey, and I have seen some of them which were taken by him. They are like examples from Georgia, except that they are smaller. Mr. Aaron writes me that at the same time he took many Alojie, but saw no evidence of any intergrading between the two species. Each was persistent to its own type. There is no reason as yet to doubt that Pegala and Alope are distinct species. Chioxobas Califorxica. — The figures were made from a pair, two of four collected bv Mr. Lorquin, and in Dr. Boisduval's collection. Since the Plate was published Mr. Morrison has found the species abundant on Mt. Hood, Oregon (1880). A series shows it to be constantly distinct from Iduna, which has also of recent years been taken in considerable numbers by Messrs. Baron and Behrens, in northern California. LiBYTiiEA Baciimani. — The complete larval history was not known when the Plate issued, in 1874. I give it as follows : — Young Larva. — Length just from egg, .04 inch ; cylindrical ; the segments a little rounded, and four times creased transversely ; covered with a fine short down ; color green, semi-translucent ; head twice as broad as 2 ; obovoid, a little depressed at suture, the vertices rounded ; sparsely pilose ; color yellow-brown. To first moult about 2 days, in July- After first moult : Length at 12 hours, .08 and .09 inch ; color brownish-green, the segments curved ; head a little broader than 2, shape as before ; color yel- low-green. To next moult 2 days. After second moult : Length at 12 hours, .12 inch ; same shape ; upper side dark green ; a faint shade of yellow over and along basal ridge, rather macular ; under side, legs, and feet lighter green ; the segments much specked with faint white on the ridges caused by the creases ; on 3, high up, a black dot on either side ; head as before ; color light green. To next moult 2 days. After third moult : Length at 12 hours, .26 to .28 inch; color dull green, yel- lowish along ami over basal ridge ; specked with pale white, or yellow-white, as before ; the blatyk dots as before ; head green. To next moult about 2 days. After fourth moult : Length at 12 hours, .4 inch. Four days later the larva reached maturity. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. Mature Larva. — .7 to .9 incli ; cylindrical ; thickened at 3 and 4, the dorsum of last segment abruptly curved down to the end ; color dark green, the lower side, and also feet and legs, pale green ; each segment four times creased trans- versely, and on the flat ridges so caused are rows, one to each, of small tubercular flattened points, pale or whitish yellow ; from 2 to 13 a white stripe along base just over the spiracles, and above this the ground is yellowish for a little way ; a medio-dorsal yellow line and sometimes a fine line on middle of side ; yellow tuberculated points over the legs, in arcs of from 3 to C ; on foremost ridge of 3d segment, high on the side, a dead-black tubercle, a little raised and rounded, in yellow ring ; spiracles in brown ovals ; surface covered with a fine short down ; head obovoid, green, smooth, sparsely pilose ; the ocelli brown. Occasionally the larvse in later stages are differently colored. Some have the dorsum dark green, edged on either side by a gray line, and successively by a band of yellow, a gray line, and a black band ; 3 wholly, and 5 partly, black. Others ai'e green, with a black band along base of body, and black patches on 3 and 11; and there is much variation in this way. Thecla L^ta. — Figured in vol. i. Until 1882 this beautiful species was one of the rarest of its genus. Single examples only were recorded as taken in Quebec, Ontario, Maine, New York, West Virginia. I doubt if in all a dozen examples could have been found in the collections of butterflies in the United States. Therefore I was much surprised at learning that Mr. Morrison found it in some abundance at Mt. Graham, Arizona. Its metropolis is in the Southwest, and hence its scarcity elsewhere. DATES OF ISSUE OF PARTS 1-13. Part 1. — July, 1874. — Contammg Pcqnlio Uurymedon, Anihocharis Olym2na, i- ^ 'f^ '""^ "^ A. Atisonoides, Argynnis Bremnerii, Lihythea Backmani, Chionobas Iduna, C. Gigas 9 . -. ri -j. i,? '■ Part 2. — March, 1875. — Containing Pap'dio Daimus, Collas JS/'asies, C. Pe-r '}: if, lidne, Argynnis Rhodo])e, Grapta Silemts, Chrysop)hanus Buhidus, C. Cut .:7 preus, C. Striiis. . i , m ! j lit ■ '7 [% iL M 1'- Part 3. — June, 1875. — Containing Pajidio Zolicaon, Argynnis Meadii, Apa-J^ < tnra Celtis, A. Leilia, Chionobas Gigas -^ Rutidus (preparatory stages of), P. Turnus (preparatory stages of). .^ "^ SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Heading of Plates. Papilio I. . Papilio II. . Papilio III. Papilio IV. . Papilio V. Papilio VI. . Papilio VII. Papilio VIII. . Papilio VIII. B. Papilio IX. . Papilio X. Papilio XI. . Papilio XII. . Papilio XIII. Pieris I. . . Anthocharis I. Anthocharis II. . Colias I. . . ■ . Colias II. . Colias III. . Colias IV. Heliconia I. . Argynuis I. Argynnis II. . Argynnis III. . Argynnis IV. Numerical Numerical Order of Heading of Plates. Order of Plates. Plates. 1 Argynnis V. . 27 9 Argynnis VI. 28 3 Argynnis VII. . . 29 4 Melita^a I. . 30 5 Pliyciodes I. . 31 6 Pliyciodes II. 32 7 Grapta I. . . 33 8 Grapta II. . 34 9 Grapta III. . 35 10 Limenitis I. . 36 11 Limenitis II. . 37 12 Apatura I. 38 13 Apatura II. . 39 14 Satyrus I. 40 15 Satyrus II. . 41 16 Satvrus III. . 42 17 Chionobas I. . 43 18 Chionobas II. 44 19 Chionobas III. . . 45 20 Libythea I. . 46 21 Lemonias I. . 47 22 Chrysoplianns I. . 48 . 23 Lyca^na I. . . 49 24 Lycaena IT. 50 25 Lj'ctena III. . 51 26 Note. This Index will enable the Binder to arrange the Plates. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. riate Anthocharis Ausonides - . . 16 '• Genutia . . 17 " Julia . 17 " Olympia-^' . 16 Apatura Celtis . . 38 " Clyton 39 • " Leilia . . 38 Argynnis Bischoffii/ 25 " Breranerii-' . 26 " Diana, larva et c. . 29 " Eurynome- . 23 " Inornata . ,/ 27 " Meadii- . . 24 " Opis y. . 25 " Rhodope .-/ 28 " Rupestris 29 Chionobas Californica-^ -V 44 " Gigas J . 4 3,44 Iduna . . 43 " Ivallda -^ . 45 Clirysophanus Cupreiis-' . 48 " Rubidus-^ . 48 " Siriiis-^ . 48 Colias Eurytherae~4. . . 21 " Nastes--' .... 18 " Pelidne^ .... 18 '• Philodicev . . . 1 9, 20 Grapta Hylas . 34 " Marsyas 34 " " See var. 35 " Rusticiis -> . 35 " Silenus- : 33 " Zepbyrufi, larva, etc . 35 Heliconia Cliaritonia 22 Page. 79 83 85 77 231 245 241 133 137 148 129 139 131 135 141 143 281 279 275 285 307 305 309 103 87 89 93 189 191 193 183 199 117 Plate. Lemonias Nais .~'. . . . 47 " Palmerii .... 47 Libythea Bachmani-v ... 46 Limenitis Arthemis-J . . . 36 Eros . -.. . . . 37 Lycsena Heteronea .~s . . . 49 " Pseudai-giolusw . 50, 51 " Regia.' 49 Melitoea Pbaeton- .... 30 Papilio Asterias, bi-formed-. 12 '• var. Calverleyii '. . 12 " Bairdii ■. . . . . 11 Brevicauda--- ... 8 " '' larva, etc. 9 " Daunus .j . . . . 2 " Eurymedon ... 1 " Indrav' 10 " Oregonia^ .... 7 " Rutulus-:. ... 13 " '• larva, etc. A. 14 " " var. Arizonen- sis ... 14 Turnus v . . . 3, 4, 5 "• Zolicaon-. .... 6 Pieris Beckerii-J 15 " Nelsoni •-,' 15 '• Sisymbri . . . . . 15 Phyciodes Pbnon . .... 32 Tbarosv .... 31 " '• form Marciav 32 Vesta V .... 32 Satyrus Alope— 41 " " form Nepbeley 42 " Wheeleri v ... 40 Page. 295 301 289 201 221 313 315 311 151 51 47 33 39 5 1 43 29 53 54 7 25 73 71 67 179 161 181 261 259 Note. — Tlie Plates and Piiges of tbe bound Volume may be numbered in pencil according to this Alphabetical Index. lP£sJPll JLJL (Q)o Ho i-' V Br»»n by Mary Pan , -..ii^^^"'"^^*, "V;, % boWtJTi Cc EURYMETDOM 12 6 3 9 :* t'hrtt suits PAPILIO 1. PAPILIO EURYMEDON, 1-3. Papilio Eurymedon (Eu-n-m'-e-don), Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Eiit. de France, I So2. Var. Albanus, FeUler, Zool. Novara Expeil., pi. 71. Male. — Expands about 3.5 inches. Upper side pale ochraceous-yellow, or often white with a buft' tint, banded with black ; costa of primaries black, sprinkled near base with yellow scales ; a narrow band covers the bases of wings and abdominal margin ; a second, proceeding from costa against middle of cell, crosses botli wings and intersects the abdominal and marginal bands at lower median nervule, broad anteriorly, tapering gradually towards its other extremity; a third, nearly parallel to second, crosses primaries to sub-median ; a fourth lies outside the disco-cel- lular nervules, stopping at median ; and the fifth, abbreviated, triangular, reaches only the second discoidal nervule ; the disco-central nervules of secondaries edged within by a black stripe, varying in individuals from a line to a heavy band ; hind margins bordered by a wide baiid, within which, on primaries, is a sub-marginal series of separated, long, yellow spots, widest apically, gradually narrowing towards inner angle, and sometimes obsolete below middle of the wing ; on secondaries, anterior to the tail are three narrow bars, yellow, usually more or less tinted with orange, a lunate spot at base of tail, and anotlier near angle, small, often wanting; these two deep orange ; the margin, above the angle, excised, and on the upper part of the curve an orange lunule ; above this on the black ground, a lunate spot composed of blue scales, and still higher a small yellow spot ; on the lower median interspace, in the middle of the black band, is a large patch of blue scales, and small clusters of similar scales are found on the two preceding interspaces, but are often wanting ; that portion of the mar- ginal band which lies within the median interspaces, next the yellow ground, sprinkled with yellow scales ; tail long, slightly spatulate, edged posteriorly by yellow ; fringe of primaries black, of secondaries black at ends of nervules, yellow in the emarginations. Under side paler, the black markings repeated ; the sub-marginal spots oi primaries enlarged, forming a continuous stripe, interrupted only by the black nervules ; anterior to this stripe a wavy line of yellow scales ; a similar line 1 PAPILIO I. within the m.arginal ban.l of secondaries, edging posteriorly a line of blue luna- tions ; the yellow ground beyond cell tinted with orange ; the sub-marginal spots enlarged, and all more or less orange. Body above l)lack ; a yellow line passes along the thorax from head to insertion of secondaries; Ix-neath. thorax yellow in front, alternately yellow and black at sides in oblique bands ; abdomen yellow with one lateral and two ventral black lines ; legs black ; palpi yellow ; frontal hairs short, black ; antenna; and club black. Femai.e. — Expands about 4 inches. Color ochraceous-yellow. in markings similar to the male. Mature Larva. — Length L7 inch. Cylindrical, thickest at fifth segment, tapering rapidly to the last ; head small, ob-ovate, pinkish-brown ; body apple- green above, greenish-white beneath, as are the legs and pro-legs ; on the fourth segment are six small, yellow spots, two dorsal in advance of the others, which last are near together, one pair on either side, and ringed with black ; the fifth segment edged posteriorly by a broad yellow band, which joins a black band in front of sixth, the two terminating evenly half way down the sides ; fronting them is a dorsal row of four small, angular, black spots ; on the eighth to elev- enth segments inclusive, is a lateral row of black dots parallel to the spiracles, which also are black ; retractile horns bright orange. The figures of larva; from which the drawings on the Plate were taken, I owe to the kindness of Mr. R. H. Stretch, of San Francisco. Chrysalis. — Length 1.3 inch. Cylindrical, greatest diameter at seventh segment, tapering slightly towards head, and rapidly towards last segment ; surface rough, the abdominal segments tuberculated dorsally ; head case long, corrugated, the palpi cases prominent, pyramidal ; mesonotal process similar to palpi cases, lint little smaller, and the ocellar projections of same general form ; color pale fawn, streaked irregularly with black and brown over entire surfoce ; on either side a dark brown band along the wing cases and down the abdomen to last segment ; tubercles and spiracles black. Mr. Henry Edwards, of San Fran- cisco, states (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873) that in some individuals the ground color of the chrysalis is pale green. Li this respect this chrysalis resembles that of PnpUio Jurniis, which is occasionally green, though the usual shade is brown. Mr. Edwards gives Fraru/u7n Cdlifornica as the food-plant of the catei-])illar. Dr. IJehr informs me that tlie chrysalis is often found by gardeners among their plants : and it is probable tliat the species feeds upon many plants, as does Ttirmis, which is to be found upon apple, thorn, cherry, ash, tulip, lurch, and otliers. Individuals of this species vary much in the breadth of the black bands and in PAPILIO I. the shade of the ground color. Tliose from elevated regions are undersized, and the bands are broader in pi'oportion. At the same time the ground coloi- is paler. It is this upland form that has been named Alhanus. Eurymedon is found over the Pacific slope from Mexico to the borders of Aliaska. Also in Vancouver's Island, and inland throughout all the Territories as far as Colorado, where it has crossed the " divide " and made itself a home in the valleys of the Platte and Arkansas. Mr. T. L. Mead, who collected in Colo- rado, in 1871, considers this a rare species in that State. He writes: "A few Eurymedon were seen near Turkey Creek during the first week in June, re- sorting with Rutulus to the open woods and hill-sides whei'e flowers were abundant." Mr. Henry Edwards says of this species : " It is especially common in all the canons of the Coast Range and in the valleys of the Sierra Nevada. In Cali- fornia it is double- brooded, the first appearing from February to April, and the second from August to the last of September. In the warm days of March, it may be seen flying quietly along the margins of the streams which flow from the mountains. It is rather a shy insect, but occasionally a cloud of them may be seen settled on the edge of a mud-pool, their wings erect and swayed about by the wind like a fleet of boats with their sails set. In this condition, it is easily approached and captured, but once alarmed, it makes a bold dash for the tops of the trees, and is soon out of danger. I am led to believe that this but- terfly is extremely rare east of this range of mountains." Eurymedon in all respects, save in color, is wonderfully like Turnus. The shape is the same, and the arrangement of the bands and the form and disposition of the spots. The caterpillars are however distinct. The two species are part of a sub-group related to each other, as are the several species of Grapta that are allied to C. album. Mo Drawn by MiiyFbait DAUIJUS I^v. ,-, , L Bawer . Co] . PAPILIO II. PAPILIO DAUNUS, 1—3. PapUlo Daumis, Boisdiival, Spec. Gen. des Lsipid. I. p. 342, 1836. Ridings, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862, p. 278. Size aud general form of Turmis ; primaries more produced, more falcated ; secondaries deeply dentated, many-tailed. Male. — Expands about 4 inches. Upper side bright yellow, banded with black after the same pattern as Tvrnus and Eurymedon ; the costal and discal bands more delicate than in those species ; co.sta of primaries black, sprinkled with A-ellow ; a narrow band covers the bases of wings and the abdominal margin ; a second, proceeding from costa at about two fifths the length of cell, crosses both wings and joins the first at lower branch of median nervure, broad anteriorly, tapering gradually, sometimes restricted to a narrow stripe or a line on secondaries ; a third crosses the cell to sub-median nervure, but often is more or less obsolete below the cell, or represented hj a few scales only ; a fourth covers the arc ; in the costal interspace a club-shaped spot, inclosing a yellow stripe, and lying along the costal nervure, ending at the marginal border ; sometimes black patches on the discoidal nervules ; hind mar- gins bordered by a broad common band, within which, on primaries, is a narrow yellow band, t,apering from costa to inner angle, divided into spots by the bla<;k nervules ; anterior to this a line of gi-ayish-green scales, sometimes wanting ; on secondaries are lour wedge-shaped or lunate, sub-marginal, yellow spots, the one at outer angle small, sometimes a point only ; a fifth spot on second median in- terspace, lunate, somewhat washed with fulvous ; and a sixth, also lunate, wholly fulvous, near angle ; above the angle the margin is excised and edged with fulvous ; above this, on the black ground, a small cluster of blue scales, and an orange spot ; in the median interspaces, within the marginal band, are patches of blue scales, and sometimes smaller clusters are found in each interspace to cos- tal edge ; the disco-cellular nervules more or less edged on the inner side by black ; the exterior tail is long, narrow, convex outwardly ; the second is two fifths the length of the first, straight, narrow ; the third, at the angle, is haH" the length of the second ; fringe of primaries black, of secondaries black at ends of nervules, yellow in the emarginations. PAPILIO II. Under side paler, the black markings rejieated ; the sub-marginal j^ellow band uninterrupted, dilated ; the line of gray scales distinct ; the sub-marginal spots on secondai'ies nuich enlarged and the black gi'ound next anterior to these densely covered with olive-green scales, on the inner edge of wliich are blue stripes and lunations; the vellow ground in the median interspaces and near the marginal band washed with fulvous; the two up[)er l)ranches of median edged with black next the cell. Body above black, a yellow stripe i)assing along thorax from head to insertion of secondaries ; beneath, thorax yellow in front, alternately yellow and black at sides in oblique bands ; abdomen yellow with two ventral and one lateral black line, the former coalescing at last segment, the lateral curving downward and touching the ventral at middle of the abdomen ; legs black ; palpi yellow ; frontal hairs short, black, next the eyes yellow ; antennae and cIuIj black. Female. — Expands 4.5 inches. Color deeper yellow than in the male ; the l^lack markings heavier ; the line of greenish scales dilated to a broad stripe ; otherwise very much as in the male. Larva unknown. Mr. Henry Edwards says of this species : " It is found in rather high regions. I have seen it most abundant at Virginia City, where it flies in the mountain canons, as llutulus does in those of the valley. I have also taken it on the coast range in Napi County, and near Mt. Diable, and have some beautiful specimens which I found at the Dalles, Oregon. I did not see it in Vancouver. It may be regarded as one of our rarities." Drnmus has been brought from Southern Utah and Arizona by Lieutenant Wheeler's expeditions, and from Montana Ijy those of Dr. Hayden. According to Mr. Ridings, the specimen described by him was taken in Kansas. FAFHM® o l_'i iwii >'V Marv Pearl, L Bow«iv. Co\. TURNIJS,1,2 9 3,VaTGLAUCUS VV (/ h'l/i/ ///iii//lr/><'i/. />, r l.nr\y me, at Coalburgh, have as surely been fertilized as the blacks, and have as readily laid eggs ; and on the wing the males may be seen coquet- ting with the yellow a.s freeh' as with the blacks. There would seem to be no want of attractiveness in such individual instances. I have experimented to see if it were possible that the butterflies emerging from chrysalis in midsummer might show a stronger tendency to melanism than those emerging in the spring, from over-wintering chrysalids, but have found no evidence that the heat of summer or cold of winter exert influence on the re- sulting forms of the female. In June, 1875, I obtained eggs by confining several black females upon the limbs of a tulip tree, and there resulted therefrom, in A.\\- gust following, 9 ^^j 2 black '. Part of the chrysalids passed the winter, and in the spring there emerged 9 '^, 5 black '. In the spring of 1872, there emerged from chrysalids of the previous year, the eggs having been laid by black females, 15 '^, 7 black ', 2 yellow '. In the spring of 1877, from eggs laid by black, 21 '^, 7 black *. ^^ PAPILIO III., IV., V. So that the black form appears constantly in the spring as well as the summer brood. The difl'erence between the summer and winter form of the black female in size and ornamentation is well shown in Plates III., IV., the first of these being the summer. From eggs obtained in same way from yellow females, there resulted in the s^pring of 1872, 8 -^, 3 ^ all yellow. In August, 1875, 3 <^, 12 « all yellow, and from part of the chrysalids of this lot which passed the winter, there appeared in the spring of 1876, 4 '^ , 12 yellow *, 1 black *. This is the only instance out of many broods raised, in which a black has come from a yellow mother, though on two occasions, besides the one above mentioned, a yellow female has come from black. Mr. Darwin lays much stress upon the prepotence of transmission, in the case of pecuHarities transmitted through one sex only of a species, and asserts that " characters may first appear in either sex and afterwards be transmitted to the offspring of the same sex." " Variation of Animals," etc., 1st Am. ed., II., p. 106. That yellow females should rarely produce black is not surprising, but that the reverse should not often and constantly happen, inasmuch as the blacks are always crossing with the yellow males, does indicate an amazing energy in the black form, and implies a time when the yellow female will wholly succumb to the other throughout the regions now inhabited by the two, unless there be in certain districts some restraining influence, as climatal, or the existence of ene- mies. To the northward, and in elevated districts, there must probably be same restraining climatal influence on the black form. No black Papilio of any species is found in the sub-boreal regions, though on both continents, and at great ele- vation, the yellow Machaon flourishes, as does Tiirnus in North America. Mr. Wallace, " Natural Selection," p. 154, speaking of Turnus and its dimor- phism, considers it " highly probable that the existence of enemies and of com- peting forms of life, may be the influences whicli determine the relative propor- tions of each form ; " and hopes that observations may ascertain " what are the adverse causes which are most efficient in keeping down the numbers of each of these contrasted forms." In looking for the causes of the decrease of the yellow female in the western and southwestern districts, and the manifest luxuriance of the black, it seems to me that it is not unlikely largely owing to the facility with which the yellow females are captured by birds and other enemies by day. They are slower of flight than the males, and when heavy with eggs, are very sluggish, flying but little and at short distances, and their gay color renders them an easy prey. It IS true, the black females ai-e equally slow of flight, but they are less easily seen, and as other species of black Papilios, Troihis, Philenor, and Asterias, are always ^/ PAPILIO III., IV., V. in company with them, the black Timms is in a way protected. I think this snfficiently accounts for the scarcity at any time of the yellow females in this region (West Virginia). Papilio PhUenor has a strong and disagreeable scent, and it has been suggested by Mr. Mead, that this rendering it distasteful to birds would serve to protect other black species flying with it. How then does it happen that at the southeast, in Georgia and Florida, the yellow females should strike so experienced an observer as Mr. Morrison as being quite as plenty as the black ; the very opposite to the conclusion reached in Illi- nois and Kansas and Texas, by other experienced observers ! That Mr. Mor- rison should consider the yellow fully as abundant as the black, leads me to believe that in reality they are much more so, and that in those districts they outnumber the black largely; for imless a collector is especially searching for them, their resemblance to the males would often cause them to be overlooked. Indeed, at a moderate distance one could not be distinguished from the other. The western region is largely prairie. It may well happen there that the con- stant elimination of the yellow form has in the course of time overcome anv remaining tendency of the black to produce yellow females, for every black now flying must be supposed to be descended from many generations of black, with a yellow one in the line only at rare intervals, perhaps in not more than one generation out of a hundred. I can see how it is, that at the southeast, the repression of the yellow female by enemies may be greatly diminished, owing to the more wooded country, the greater moisture of the climate, milder tem- perature, and the excessive luxuriance of all insect life, whereby there is no reason why one species only should be singled out as a special object of prey. The conditions are essentially diflerent from those which prevail on the drv and exposed western plains. Moreover, the peril caused by the bright color and slow flight of the yellow female Turmcs, must be much lessened by its constantly associating with other species of Papilio, similarly colored, such as Ci'esphontes and Palamedes, larger and gayer than itself In fact it is the yellow female 2\irmis which is here protected, and so it should not merely hold its own, but really be able to prevail against its sister form. It occurred to me whether it might not also be a fact that the insectivorous birds were more largely repre- sented in the west than on the Atlantic seaboard, so that all species of butterfly might be more subject to destruction in the former regions, and I wrote Professor Baird for information on this point. In reply I have a statement from Mr. Rob- ert Ridgway to the following eftect : " A larger proportion perhaps of the birds belonging to the semi-prairie districts west of the Mississippi belong to the in- sectivorous sei'ies than is the case with those inhabiting the Atlantic seaboard. Thus, taking the Tyrannidfe, for example, which are preeminently fly-catchers, PAPILIO III., VI., V. and more prone to destroy Lepidoptera than any other birds, all the eastern species occur from Kansas to Texas, along with three additional species, Milvulus forficatus, Tyrannns veriicalis, and T. vociferans, these latter being of large size, and, we may infer, correspondingly voracious. None of these species, however, occm- east of the Mississippi, so far as known, except perhaps casually. Ujion the whole we may assume for the semi-prairie country a richer bii"d-life than is possessed by the South Atlantic States, with a corresponding larger number of insectivorous species." That in the mountains of North Carolina there should be a district in which, though the species is abundant, there should be few or no black females, would lead to the belief that there may be similar areas of the most elevated portions in other southern States, where a like distribution pre- vails. It is evident, from the dates given by Mr. Morrison, that the species was not single-brooded, but that he collected from the midsummer and fall broods, and there must therefore have been at least three broods in the year. For more than a century after both Turnus and Glauciis were known to nat- uralists, they were not suspected of belonging to but one and the same species. Boisduval and Leconte, in 1833, figured both, and after describing the female Glaucus, say, " the male differs but in size, being a little smaller, and by the blue band, which is less extended," and they figured and described the larva? of the two as distinct. It appears that Mr, James Ridings, of Philadelphia, an intelligent collector of butterflies, and now living at an advanced age, had taken a yellow male Turnus and a black female Glaucus in copulation, in 1832. And, in the same city, Mr. Geoi'ge Newman, a veteran and enthusiastic collector, — whom, in after years, it was my pleasure to know, and whose delight, as he exhibited and expatiated upon the treasures of his cabinet, his many friends wiU recall, — had raised black and yellow females from the same laying of eggs. But to lepidop- terists in general, nothing was known of these things till the late Mr. B. D. Walsh communicated a paper in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society, of Phil- adelphia, 19th January, 1862, which in part read thus: " That Turnus and Glau- cus are identical seems to me to be proved by two facts, the one positive and the other negative. First, I am informed by Mr. Edwards that both Messrs. New- man and Wood, of Philadelphia, say they have raised the black female, together with several sliades of color between yellow and black, from the same laying of eggs. Second, nobody ever saw a male Glaucus. Now Glaucus is so common in southern latitudes, that if it were a true species, not a mere sexual variation, someljody or other must have met with the male." And after reciting his own experience, Mr. Walsh expresses the opinion that south of lat. 38° in the valley of the Mississippi, and perhaps of 36° on the seaboard, the female Turnus is black ; that north of 41° on the seaboard and 43° in the valley, the female is PAFILIO III., IV., V. yellow ; and that in tlie intervening zone both colors are fonnrl. Mr. Walsh was nearly correct as to the northern limit. The most northern point on the sea- board at which I have known GJaucus to be seen or taken was at Newburgh, on the Hudson River, lat. 41° 30', — where I resided several years, — and then but ii single example. Dr. Hay. of Racine. Wisconsin, writes me that he once took Glaucus in his garden, and on another occasion saw one near the mouth of the Wisconsin River, lat. 43°. And Mr. Brewer states (Can. Ent., IX., p. 20), that in Nebraska, as lar north as the Niobrara River, the black and yellow forms of female are about equal ; lat. 42^ 30'. Although Turntis has been so long known to naturalists and has been re- peatedlv figured, this, I believe, is the first attempt to bring the two sexes of the yellow form together. There has recently been some effort on the part of the adherents of a rigid priority to change the name of this species to Glancus, that name having l>een given to the black female in 1767, antedating by four years the name Twnus ap- plied to tUe yellow male and female. One woidd think a century long enough to confirm a name even if originally given in error, especially in case of any spe- cies which had since been repeatedly figured and treated of in published worlds, and that nothing but confusion coidd result from a change after this lapse of time. But it happens in the present case that Gluucus is not the insect descril^ed as Tiiriius, being but a dimorphic form of one sex only, entitled as such form to its own special name. The species is 2\irnus, this form is GJaucus. Note. — From what I liave observed at Coall)iiv;;li, the present season (1S77), I think it pruliable tliat here, and to the southwanl, there may often lie four annual broods of Turnus. instead of three, as st.ated above ; the e.xistence of the fourth being- dependent on the weather in April. This month was pleasant and warm, and different Papilios were exceedingly abundant; and, during the last week, the females of Turnus -were freely depositing eggs. This would give ample time for the niatm-ing of the Iarv.-B and emergence of the butterflies before the first of June, at which date the first of the three broods recorded had a beginning. I watched care- fully for yellow females, and hiid a good opportunity as the butterflies gathered about the fruit trees and lilacs, but I saw only four; while there must have been scores of the black form, if not hundreds. FAF'IM' Di-awii IjV Mary Ppai-l I, Bu»/>!ii '-I ZOLICAON, 12 6,3 4? // La b C/irysalt.s PAPILIO VI. PAPILIO ZOLICAON, 1-4. Papilio Zolicom, BoisJuval, Ann. Soc. Km. do France. \Krl, p. 281. H. Edwanl^;, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873, p. 3. Primaries much produced, strongly arched, hind margin straight or convex; tails long, narrow ; the sexes alike in color and markings. Male. — Expands ahout 3.2-3 inches. Upper side of primaries black, marked and spotted with deep yellow ; of sec- ondaries yellow from base nearly two thirds the distance to margin, beyond black primaries have a sub-marginal series of eight spots, equal, the anterior ones rounded, the rest either oval or lunular. and a discal series of eiy-ht formint«; a band across the entire wing ; above these last, on the upper sub-costal inter- space, a long patch of yellow scales, and a rounded or oval spot ; the first discal spo^ deeply and roundly excavated on the upper side, sometimes divided into tv, • : the second shorter than the first, and the tliird than the second, after which the sei'ies gradually increases in length to the sixth, the breadth being nearly equal ; the seventh is large, sub-rectangular, the eighth a nar- row stripe on the inner margin ; a narrow yellow bar crosses the cell inside the arc, and near it is a second, also narrow, sometimes compressed in the mid- dle and then expanding largely on sub-costal nervure ; the basal area somewhat dusted with yellow scales. Secondaries have a broad black border which in- closes a sub-marginal series of six yellow spots ; the first, at outer angle, small, often wanting, the next three large and lunular, the fifth at base of tail lunular or sub-triangular, the last a streak near the angle ; in the interspaces above these spots are clusters of light blue scales ; the abdominal margin bor- dered with black to median nervure. leaving at the outer extremity of the sub- median interspace only a small triangular patch of yellow ; above the incision at the anal angle, over a yellow patch, is a ring, varying in color from orange to deep fulvous, which incloses a round or oval black spot, and is edged on the upper side by a blue crescent ; occasionally the ring is wanting, being replaced by black which may have a very narrow edging of fulvous on the lower side ; the rest of wing, which comprises the basal area and much of the disk, yellow, divided into eight spots, the cell being one, by the black nervures ; fringes of Drawn ly War:/- Peait OREGONIA 1.2^, 3 4 ? I PAPILIO VII. PAPILIO OREGOXIA, 1—4. PapiUo Ilippocralfs, Viir. Oregonia, S, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. V., p. 208, 1876. Pi:i.M.\i;iEs iiuK-li produced, co.stal margin .strongly arched, liiud margin .straight or concave ; tails long, narrow, and as in ZoUcaon ; the sexe.s alike in color and markings. Male. — JLxpands from 3. -I to 4 inches. Upper side of primaries black, marked and spotted with luiglit yellow; of .secondaries, briglit yellow from base to marginal border ; primaries have a .sub- marginal row of eight spots, equal, mostly rounded, and a discal series of eight which form a transverse band ; above them a long patcli of yellow scales, and a little within this, towards base, a subovate spot, truncated on apical side ; the first discal spot is deeply and roinidly excavated on anterior side ; the .second is a little shorter than first, and third still shorter, after which there is a gradual in- crea,se in length, to the seventh, which is broad and sub-rectangular ; the eighth is narrow and marginal ; at the extremity of cell within is a sub-lunate trans- verse yellow spot and a broader one in the middle, of irregular shape, the two ])eing separated by a black space ; the ba.sal area thickly dusted with yellow scales. Secondaries have a broad black marginal border, which incloses a series of six yellow lunular spots, the first, at outer angle, small; above these spots are clu,s- ters of blue scales, never distinct, sometimes nearly all wanting ; the inner mar- gin border(!d with black, sometimes to median nervure, but in otlier cases very narrowly ; the anal spot small, yellow below, fulvous above, with a rounded black spot in the middle and which is connected with the narrow black edge of the margin ; above the fulvous is a distinct blue crescent; tails of moderate length, narrow ; fringes black, yellow in the interspaces. On the vmder side, the larger part of the marginal border of primaries is oc- cupied by a yellow band, and the remainder includes a nebulous stripe of dull PAPILIO VII. yellow oil the black ground ; in the cell the yellow spots are repeated and en- larged ; the base of cell is dull or luteous yellow, and sends out four long raya which nearly reach the middle ; secondaries have all the nervures black, those about cell and the basal portion of the costal nervure being heavily edged with black ; the lunules much enlarged and changed into subquadrate spots, occupy- ing fully half the border, the black ground above them being heavily dusted with yellow and blue ; the fulvous of anal spot is changed to oi'ange-yellow, and the two yellow discal spots against cell sometimes have their outer ends yellow- tinted. Body black on upper side, elsewhere yellow, but about the thorax fulvous- tinted ; a black stripe from the head reaches the insertion of the wings ; beneath abdomen two black stripes, and one on lower part of either side, from wings to last segment ; legs black ; palpi yellow, or with a fulvous tint ; frontal hairs black, but next the eyes yellow : antennas and club black. Female. — Expands 4.25 inch. Similar to the male, the yellow paler ; the blue clusters larger and more dis- tinct. I described this species as a variety of H'qipocrates in 1876, from a female taken by Mr. Henry Edwards, at the Dalles, Columbia River. Mr. H. K. Morri- son took several examj^les of both sexes in Washington Territory, near Olyinpia, in 1879, and from some of these the figures on the Plate are drawn. In all I have examined, 2 (? 3 ? . I am satisfied they are not Hippocrates, but a dis- tinct species, of same sub-group, and near to ZoKcaon. Felder, Verhand. Zool. Bot., Geschied xiv. pp. 314, 362, 1864, describes Hijjpocrates as much larger than 3Iachaon, the yellow area narrower, the wings narrower and more pro- duced ; the hind wings also shorter on the costa, more produced posteriorly; the tails longer, the anal spot more obscurely colored, and joined abruptly to the blue lunule ; the black border of the hind wings on the under side much broader, the blue spots more distinct, and placed almost in the middle of the black ground, the outer ones accompanied by few yellow atoms, and the cells of both wings lonuer. To this may be added that the black marginal border of hind wings on upper side is considerably broader than Machaon, if I may judge by 3 ,? of Hippoc- rates, from Japan, before me. In all these this border is nearly straight-edged on the inner side, and almost touches the cell in two examples, and quite touches it in the other ; and the tails, beside being longer, are not tapering as in Machaon, but are of nearly even width almost to the extremity, where they be- come broader, or sub-spatulate. Oii the under side of primaries the black eel- PAPILIO VII. hilar spots disappear almost entirely. The single female H'li^pocrafcs examined lias the yellow area very much restricted on upper side, all the discal spots on primaries being separated by wide black spaces, and the basal area is black to middle of cell ; so is the .space between cell and lower branch of median nervure to both margins, except a small ^-ellow triangle at the extremity. There is the same absence of lilack in cell beneath primaries as in the male. All of both sexes have the black border of primaries scarcely, if at all, dusted yellow, and •all show the blue lunule meeting the fulvous anal spot with no intervening color; on secondaries beneath, the black portion of the border to hind margin is very much less dusted than in Machaon, in which species the black area is usually hidden by the yellow scales, and tlie blue spots stand in the middle of the Ijlack, on each interspace. Much of Felder's description will apply to Orefjoiiia as contrasted with 3Ia- chaon ; but the former differs from ///}:yjoc/'o/f.S' in several particulars. In Ore- ffonia the yellow discal spots of primaries are larger, the black intervening spaces being narrower than in Hippocrates, and the yellow spots in the cell are both much smaller ; the yellow area is broader on secondaries, and as in Macliaon and ZoUcaon ; on the under side there is much more black in the cells, which is about as in Ifachaon ; and the tails are .shorter, narrow, and not sub-spatulate. These are between Mcichaon and Hippocrates in length and shape, and precisely as in ZoUcaon. In both my $ , the length of the tail measured on posterior side is .32 inch ; the three Hlppocrrites show .44, .48, and .54 inch, respectively. In fact, Oregonla is nearer to ZoUcaon than to either of the others. A large female of the last named species in my collection, expanding very nearly four inches, which is unusual, placed side by side Avith one of the female Oregonla, cannot be distinguished from it b}- the appearance of the upper side, except by the round and separated black spot in the fulvous anal spot, while in Oregonla the corresponding black spot is a continuation of the black stripe which edges the inner margin, turned in ami thickened so as to have an oval shape rather than round. On the under side I can see no difference, except that the same black spot is present in ZoUcaon, and the cell of primaries is wholly black, with a terminal and central yellow spot. There is a marked difference, however, between the bodies in these two species, in ZoUcaon the wliole abdomen being black, with only a yellow side stripe, whereas in Oregonla the body is yellow, with black on dorsinn and with four narrow black stripes on sides and beneath, just as in Machaon. Oregonla bears much the same relation to ZoUcaon which Hippocrates Ijcars to Machaon. In the same district with Oregonla, 3fachaon also flies, of the same type with the Hudson's Bay and Alaskan examples, which are verv like ^'ar. Aslatlcus, Menetries. Jirawii hy Mary Pearl 1. Bowen. Cn! BREVICAUDA, 1.2 6, S.4 ?, 6 ?. (/ h'f/'/ !//ii///n/ii'i/. h. f.iifva PAPILIO VIII. PAPILIO BREVICAUDA, 1-5. Papilio Brevicauda, Sauiuicrs. Packard's Guiik-, p. 245. 1869. Primaries moderately produced, costal margin mvicli curved apically, hind margin much rounded ; tails short, broad at base ; the sexes alike in shape and markings. Male. — Expands about 3 inches. Upper side black ; primaries have a sub-marginal series of eight small yellow spots, rounded or oval ; secondaries have a similar series of six spots, large, mostly lunate ; a common yellow band crosses the disks, composed on primaries of eight spots, the upper six sub-triangular, varying in size, the seventh sub- quadrate, the eighth a narrow stripe ; the first of these spots has a circular incision on the costal side ; a stripe or a rounded spot in the upper sub-costal interspace ; the inner side of the arc of cell bordered by a narrow stripe : on secondaries the band consists of seven spots separated only by the black ner- vures ; occasionally the outer extremity of the cell is also yellow ; beyond the band are clusters of blue scales in the interspaces ; above the incision at inner angle is a fulvous ring on the upper side of a yellow patch, surmounted by a blue crescent, and inclosing a rounded black spot or point ; fringes yellow, black at the ends of the nervules. Under side blackish-brown ; the .spots repeated, and all but those of the sub- marginal row on primaries usually more or less sufilised with fulvous, individ- uals varying greatly in this respect ; in some there is an absence of fulvous on primaries, and but little on secondaries ; on both wings the space between the row of spots and the band is dusted with yellow scales, most densely on secon- daries, and on these last are patches of blue scales at the anterior edge of the yellow on each interspace ; the ring at tlie angle as on upper side, but often the black spot is joined b}- a ligament to the black edge of the inner margin. Body black, the wing covers slightly tinted with yellow ; upon the abdomen is a row of yellow points on either side of tlie dorsum, and a lateral row from base PAPILIO VIII. of wing to last segment ; legs and palpi black ; frontal hairs black, as are also the antennoe. Female. — Expands 3.25 inches. Similar to the male in shape and markings, but more variable in color. In the typical specimen, which is a female (Figs. 3, 4), from Newfoundland, the band on upper side is wholly of deep fulvous, except the first spot, which is yellow ; on secondaries the anterior edge and the two sides of each spot of the band are yellow, the posterior parts only being fulvous, and of a less intense shade than appears on primaries ; all the other spots on both wings are yellow, except the one at outer angle of secondaries, which is partly fulvous ; on the under side the sub-marginal spots of primaries are yellow, of secondaries partly fulvous ; the band on primaries is fulvous throughout, and on secondaries nearly so, there being a very narrow edging of yellow to each spot, excejjt on the pos- terior side of it. In three other examples from Newfoundland, sent me by Mr. Saunders, and all of which are females, there is much variation in the extent of the fulvous col- oration on the upper side. One of these (Fig. 5) has no trace of fulvous on secondaries, except a few scales on a single spot of the disk, while on primaries the four posterior spots of the band are fidvous, except a narrow edge of yellow on the basal side of each. The second has a slight wash of fulvous over each spot of the band and on both wdngs ; and the third has all the spots of the band deep fulvous, except only those next the costa of each wing, which are yellow. The Newfoundland specimens show far more fulvous as a rule than those from Anticosti. These last most often have none of that color upon the upper side, but some are partly suffused with it. Egg. — Spherical, flattened at base, smooth ; pale yellow. " The young larva3 are black when they issue from the egg, but the whitish patch on middle segments can be distinguished at this stage. At about a week old they are black, and the patch is pale yellow, mottled with black ; surface covered with short tubercles. At the next stage, the length being .25 in., the color is dark brown, and the patch is replaced by a whitish band which encircles the body, and is mottled with black." (Mr. Wm. Couper in lit.) Mature Larva. — Length 1-5 inch. Cylindrical, slendei", thickest at .third and fourth segments, tapering slightly from fourth to the last, and rapidly from third to the head ; when at rest the head is drawn partly within the second, and all the anterior segments are con- tracted, the dorsum being arched ; the middle of each segment crossed trans- versely by a black stripe, which is complete on second to fifth, but from sixth to twelfth is broken into three spots, the central or dorsal being round, the others CTQ PAPIUO VIII. arcs of circles, the curve in front; below these stripes and in same line, from third to last segment, is a spot on each, which on third and fourth is lunate, but from fifth to twelfth is a right-angled triangle, one of the short sides being in line with the posterior edge of the stripe, the other parallel with the line of the stigmata ; there is also an infra-stignuital row of spots, one on each segment after the first, and there is a single spot on each leg and pro-leg ; the last segment has three spots on dorsal line, the central round, the others abbreviated sti'ipes ; one such stripe also on either side ; at the intersection of the segments from second to last, a black stripe crosses the dorsum and ends midway down the side ; color bright pea- green, changing to yellow-green on sides and beneath ; tlie legs tipped with black ; head ob-ovate, yellow-green, striped vertically with Ijlack ; retractile horns bright yellow. (From an example preserved in alcohol, and from Mr. Couper, in lit. Fig. G.) Brevicuuda was first made known by Professor Packard, who prefaced Mr. Saunders' description by these words : " Mr. Saunders has received from St. Johns, Newfoundland, several specimens of a butterfly, one of which I have before me, and which seems to be a very remarkable variety oi Aster las." The next notice on record is from Mr. Couper, in Can. Ent.,Vol. IV., p. 202, Nov. 1872, who, in a paper on the insects taken by him that year on the Island of Anticosti, mentions having four specimens of this butterfly. In 1873, Mr. Couper again visited this island, and succeeding in taking many more, as well as in discovering the larva and egg. In Can. Ent., Vol. V' I., p. 3.3, for February, 1874, he says that he had formerly taken a single specimen of Brevicauda on the coast of Labrador, and that he had made inquiries as to its existence in Newfoundland, and is satisfied that it is a rare species on that island ; quoting from a correspondent, who states that he had seen but one specimen in three seasons, and further, that he had heard of this butterfly at Cod Roy, on the western coast, and at Notre Dame Bay, on the north of the island. Mr. Couper continues: '-I am confident that it becomes rare a.s we proceed down the south coast of Labrador towards the Straits of Belle Isle. Its true habitat is the island of Anticosti, where it occurs more abundantly than in Labrador or Newfoundland. It is met with occasionally at Mingan, but more especially at the mouths of rivers east of Seven Islands." Mr. Couper has kindly furnished me extracts from his note-book as follows : " Brevicauda was noticed and a specimen taken at Ellis Bay, 14th June. Fi-om the latter date, as the weather became warm, forty specimens were taken up to 26th June. The female deposited eggs, 25th June, on Archangelica purpurea (see Plate), and I have also found eggs on Heracleum lanatum, but the former plant is its principal food, and occurs abundantly throughout the island. The egg is laid singly on the PAPILIO VIII. upper surface of the leaf near the edge, where it is exposed to the full force of the sun's heat. On the lOtli July, I found young larvae, about ten days old, feeding on the upper cuticle of the leaf To procure the complete history of this Papilio, it would be necessary for an entomologist to remain on the island from May till August. I arrived at Ellis Bay on 14th June, and left at the end of July. Therefore I had no chance of obtaining a chrysalis, which could only be had in the first week in August. I took the largest caterpillars I could find before I left, and which had passed their last moult. By the time the adult larvae are ready to go into chrysalis, the weather becomes cold, and the larvoe at the beo-inniu"- of Auo;ust are of various sizes. The undergrown ones hide in the leaves of their food-plants during the cold nights, and feed during the day, and by the middle of the month, probably, all have matured and changed to chrysalids." Mr. Couper writes again, April, 1875: " Brevicauda was sent me last season from Perce, in the district of Gaspe, on the south coast of the Gulf, opposite Anti- costi, and about seventy miles sea distance from that island. It occurs to me that as the western portion of Newfoundland is only one hundred miles from the east end of Anticosti, the butterfly may occasionally cross over. But after all my correspondence with two intelligent gentlemen in Newfoundland, I cannot obtain a specimen taken there. Although long resident, these gentlemen have never seen Brevicauda. I believe Anticosti to be the true home of the species." And later, " Two specimens o^ Brevicauda have been taken this summer at God- bout River, on the north side of the St. Lawrence." In the Ent. Mo. Mag. for April, 1875, p. 244, Vol. XL, is a mention by Mr. H. W. Bates, of Brevicauda, as taken by Mr. Milne, at Betts Cove and Terra Nova River, Ncwfomidland. It is surprising that a new species of Papilio should be discovered at this late day on the Atlantic coast, and great credit is due Mr. Couper for the pains he has taken to elucidate its life-history. It stands midway between two groups, that of Machaon, represented on this continent by its variety Aliaska and by Zolicaon on the one hand, and Asterias and its allies on the other. It resembles Aliaska in shape, the fore wings being less elongated than in Asterias, and their hind margins being convex instead of straight or concave. The hind wings are also less elongated, and the tails are shorter, and are like those of Aliaska. More- over, the sexes are alike in color and markings, as is the rule with all the 3Ia- chaon group, but not with Asterias, in which the difference between the sexes in these respects is conspicuous. But the basal area of the hind wings is black, as in Asterias, whereas in the other group it is yellow ; and the abdomen is marked by rows of yellow dots as in Asterias also, while in Machaon and its allies the abdomen is striped longitudinally with black and yellow. The yellow bands of the wings are similtirly disposed in both groups, but their suflusion witli fulvous PAPILIO VIII. is a peculiarity which Brevicauda shares only with the Asierias gi'oup. The mature larva diflcrs from that of Asterias. Zollcaon, or Machnon, in the absence of the yellow or orange spots which ornament those species, and the black stripes are more broken. The caterpillar of Allaska is unknown, but is probably closely like that o( Machaon. Mr. Bates, in the paper before cpioted, considered Brevicauda as a local form o( Asterias, but on my pointing out the diflerences between the two, he re})lies that Mr. Milne's specimens were so much damaged that a complete comparison could not be made, but that on my representation, " there cainiot be any doubt of Brevicauda being a good species, quite as distinct from Asterias as the Corsi- can P. Hospiton is from Machaon^ Allaska Hies over the northern portion of the continent frou) east of Hudson's Bay to the Pacific, and the range of Asterias is from Canada to Mexico and from ocean to ocean. It is therefore the more remarkable that Brevicauda shoidd be restricted to two islands on the coast, l»eing also excessively rare on one of them, and to a limited district on the adjoining mainland. One may naturally ask, how happens it that a species midway between two others which divide be- tween them the continent, should be found thus restricted. Its peculiarities pre- clude the idea that it can be a mere ollshoot from either of the species named, for in such case, while it would agree in part with the parent stock, the points of divergence would not ha just so many points of agreement Avith any other species, and most especially with the only other at all allied to it which is to be found in its district. The variation would take a new direction rather. There are two ways of accounting for this phenomenon ; first, that Brevicauda has originated in hybridism between the two species named. A brood being hybridized, its members have proved fertile, have increased moderately, and have been prevented by segregation on the islands from subsequent intercrossing with either parent stock. By this means the individuals now existing have become essentially alike. Segregation again has originated and perpetuated certain minor differences between the inhabitants of the two islands, as in color, those on one being mostly yellow, on the other fulvous. And from the islands the main-land is now colonized. Or, second, Brevicauda represents an ancient, dominating, now almost extinct species, from which Asterias and llachaon have naturally descended, and each of which, in process of time, has thrown off one and another variety, some of which, favored by circumstances, have become pei-manent, and now constitute the group which gathers about its intermediate stock. This last seems to me a reasonable and probable statement of the relationship of these several species. ■^■^:^, ^Nfx IJi iwi, by Mary P-ai sWiwsife ^^^^w^i^55^^ B"RE VI CAUDA ''' Larva tii"' moult f ■' .. ■/"■ .. . /--/w// /•" .. .. •/"■ ., ,w .'/ fill tisalis . i. Boweii ■ ",,i V 7 PAPILIO VIIL B. PAPILIO BREVICAUDA. Egg. — Spherical, flattened at base ; pale yellow. (Fig. a.) YouxG Larva. — Length .1 incli ; cylindrical, the anterior segments thickest, and a little arched; color pale black; a white patch on dorsum, on segment 8 and part of 7 ; the spines are in six rows, one sub-dorsal and two on either side ; these are black and rise from pale yellow tubercles, each sending out a few black hairs; head black, pilose. (Fig. b.) After first moult : length .25 inch ; color black -brown, the patch white and extending well down either side ; the spines as before, their bases pale yellow ; head black, shining, with a white spot in front and one on either side. (Fig. c.) After second moult : length .4 inch ; color black, the patch as before ; white marks over the feet ; the bases of the spines chrome-yellow ; head as at previous stage. (Fig. d.) After third moult: length .8 inch; color black, with narrow white stripes at the junctions of the segments ; white also on the sides of 7 and 8, but not on dorsum ; white points on the last segment and over feet; the yellow at bases of spines is brighter; head as before. (Fig. e.) After fourth moult: length 1.1 inch, and reached 1.5 inch at maturity. Mature Larva. — Length 1.5 inch; cylindrical, slender, thickest at third and fourth segments, tapering slightly from four to last, and rapidly toward the head ; the surface smooth, the tubercles of previous stages being suppressed, except those of the two dorsal rows which are reduced and scarcely elevated, and under the glass are seen to have a pencil of very' short hairs each ; when at rest the anterior segments are contracted and arched ; the middle of each, from two to twelve, crossed by a black stripe or narrow band, broken on the middle of side after five ; from four, divided a second time near its extremity, a triangular section being cut off on the posterior side ; on thirteen the band is divided into three spots, the central or dorsal one being rounded ; behind these are two sub- PAPILIO VIII. B. dorsal round spots, and on either side a long oblique mark ; the anal shield black ; there is also a black stripe between each pair of segments, broadest on dorsum and diminishing to the middle of the side where it disappears ; these are scarcely visible except when the larva is in motion ; there is also a line of small black spots along base of body, one on each segment from 2 to 6, and on 11 to 13, two on 7 to 10, and there is a spot over each foot and pro-leg ; on each side are three rows of chrome-yellow spots, those of the two sub-dorsal rows being round and placed just within the tubercles, and on tlie front edges of the bands ; so the spots of the other rows on segments three to five are on the fronts of the bands; but after this they divide them, the middle row being round, the lower row straight and oblique, filling the space between the band and triangle ; feet tipped black ; color of body bright pea-green, changing to yellow-green on the sides ; or a creamy-white tinted dorsally with delicate green, fading into white on the sides ; head obovate, either yellow-green or pale green, marked in front by two oblique black stripes which nearly meet at top ; two others on the sides, and be- tween the front and side stripes at base is a short narrow stripe ; on lower front face a rounded black spot ; the retractile horns bright yellow. (Figs./,/-.) Another larva at maturity was black, with white lines between the segments, and pale green between some of them, especially the anterior ones and the last two; much white along base of body. (Fig./^) Chrysalis. — Length 1 inch ; greatest breadth .3 inch ; cylindrical, thickest in middle ; the surface rough, corrugated ; head-case produced, ending in two sub-triangular processes, the space between them concave ; mesonotiun promi- nent, pointed forward, sub-pyramidal ; color green, on dorsum yellowish, on ven- tral side pale ; the wing-cases dark ; on abdomen two sub-dorsal rows of small rounded tubercles. (Fig. rj.) On Plate VIII. the mature larva of Brenicauda was figured, but incorrectly in one particular, as afterwards discovered, the yellow spots having been omitted. In 1878, Mr. Couper visited Godbout, on Lower St. Lawrence, north shore, and paid especial attention to this butterfly and its preparatory stages, taking notes of each. He also preserved each larval stage in alcohol, and on his return put the notes and material in my hands. Later in the season he sent me two living chrysalids, from which the 'butterflies emerged at Coalburgh the following spring The chrysalis on the Plate is drawn from life ; the larvae from the alcoholic ex- amples. In these the markings are as distinct as when alive, but for the colora- tion, except when black, the notes of Mr. Couper have guided the colorist. The yellow spots had completely disappeared in the alcohol. Mr. Couper wrote a& follows : " This butterfly was rare at Godbout in summer of 1878, only about a PAPILIO VIII. 15. dozeu being seen on a long range of coa.st. The first Avere noticed at the begin- ning of June. I think the rarity was produced by the want of the usual snow- fall the previous winter. The depth of .snow is usually nine feet. Init was only about two feet on the north shore in the winter of 1877-78. The food plants, namely, Angelica perer/rina (not purpurea, as stated in the text to Plate VIII.), and the Avild parsley were retarded by the cold weather. The first eggs were deposited 14th June, l)ut a second batch was laid aljout middle of July. I brought larva' with me to Montreal in. jelly glasses, and after the Angelica was exhausted. I fed them on wild parsley ; but they eat very little of it and all dwindled away and died. But my friend, Mr. Napoleon Conneau, of Godbout, had .some of the larva?, and has since written me that although his fir.st trial with the caterpillars was not successful, he has now four which are progressing favor- al)ly."' These caterpillars reached chrysalis, and two of them were sent me by Mr. Couper, as I have mentioned. I am pleased at being able to represent the preparatory .stages of Brevlcauda in full, together with its food plant, Amjelica peregrhia, and to give its history as worked out so successfully by Mr. Couper. Note. Some delay in the issue of the present Part gives me an opportunity to add further information respecting Brevicawla and its history, kindly contriliuted by Mr. Mead. New York, September 23, 1880. Dear Mr. Edward.s, — During my recent stay of three weeks in Newfound- laud, I was very successful in obtaining caterpillars of P. Brevlcauda along the shores of both Conception and Placentia Bays, on the peninsula of Avalon, which was the only part of the island visited. In climbing a mountain at Topsail, twelve miles from St. John's, I noticed one of these butterflies sailing about the rocky summit, very much as P. Indra is always seen to do in the Sierra Nevada. Like that species, it made long flights, rarely alighting, but apparently reconnoi- tering the whole mountain, as if in search of plants on which to lay its eggs. Chase would have been useless, so stationing myself on what appeared to be an attractive gras.sy spot among the rocks, I waited for the insect and captured it on the wing. It proved to be a female ; so confining it in a box uninjured, I made diligent search for plants on which it might lay eggs. But umbelliferous plants seemed very scarce throughout the country, and it was only by good for- tune that I noticed an Antjelica o-rowino- in a field as we drove back toward St. John's. The butterfly was confined with a stem of this plant, and laid nine eggs and then escaped. None of the eggs hatched, however. This failure I attribute to their having been kept from the sunlight, for the caterpillars afterwards PAPILIO VIII. B. found seemed very susceptible to cold and prolonged darkness or close confine- ment of any kind. The first caterpillars were found at Holyrood, at the head of Conception Bay, upon cultivated parsnips. This was on the 28th July, and though some of the caterpillars were in the last stage, the majority of them were young. In a drive of thirty miles across the peninsula to Placentia Bay I found no Brevicauda at points in the interior. Near Placentia, however, there were large patches of Angelica, on which 1 found a few larvae. In the kitchen gai'dens of the vil- lagers one or two larva) were on almost every parsnip plant, and in a small field overgrown with wild parsley I obtained nearly two himdred in the course of one afternoon. This was during the first week in August, and nearly all the larvJB were past the third or fourth moult. Not having expected such good fortune, I was obliged to nearly fill my butterfly collecting box with them, and carry it about a mile to my lodgings. Even this short confinement killed sev- eral of the larvEe and reduced many more to a state of insensibility. In tlieir natural condition, they either rest upon the leaves in full sunlight, or bask upon the stones and coarse gravel among which their food plants grow. These stones are often heated by the sun during the day to a temperature of 90° to 100" F., and retain a part of the warmth overnight. These caterpillars were large, measuring two inches in length when at rest. The colors in all were clear apple-green and black, with dots of orange-yellow disposed as figured on your Plate, and showing all intergrades between the varie- ties represented at/, and/''. The larvaj did not seem to object to change of food, but eat wild parsley, Angelica, or parsnip almost indifferently. From about three hundred caterpillars I obtained about one hundred chrysa- lids before leaving Newfoundland. They vary from 1.1 to 1.4 inches in length. Fifty-three are gi-een and yellow, as shown on the Plate, fifty-nine are black or dark brown, marked Avith light wood-brown, and two are intermediate between green and brown. One chrysalis gave butterfly within a week of my return, thus not havinu- been in chrysalis more than eighteen davs. This was a fine female, exjjanding a little over three inches, and resembling Fig. 5, Plate VIII., in its color and markings. Four more have just emerged, all males ; two of them show a little fulvous suffusion, while the others are like Fig. 1. Yours very trul}', THEODORE L. MEAD. It is evident from this connnunication of Mr. Mead that Brevicauda is a com- mon species in southern Newfoundland, at least. Also that it might easily be- come double-brooded, if the length of the season permitted, or if it became accli- mated in a more southern latitude. FAFIILE' ■I '^o Dr.iwn '.y Mary Pe^vt NDRA, 12 S,34?. PAPILIO IX. PAPILIO INDRA, 1—4. Pajnlio Indra, Rcakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., VI., p. 123, j, 18GG. Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., I., pi. 35, 9, 1876. Ppjmaries moderately produced ; costal margin much curved near apex ; hind margin in male either islightly excavated or sinuous, in female straight ; tails short, broad at base ; the sexes alike in color and markingsj closely allied to Brevicauda. Male. — Expands 3 inches. Upper side black ; primaries have a submarginal series of small yellow spots, largest anteriorly and regularly dimini.shing in size to inner angle ; secondaries have a similar series of six spots, mostly lunate, the one at outer angle some- times obsolete ; a common yellow band cros.ses the disks, on primaries composed of eight spots, the upper six triangular, the seventh sub-quadrate, the eighth a narrow bar on inner margin ; the first of these spots has a circular incision on the costal side, perhaps cutting quite across ; on the upper subcostal interspace is a rounded spot ; on the inner side of the arc of cell a narrow bar or sti'ipe, and a small patch within the cell ; on secondaries the band is nearly straight on its inner side, or a little excavated, and consists of eight spots, the yel- low extremity of the cell counting as one ; beyond are clusters of blue scales ; above the incision at inner angle is an orange-fulvous ring, edged on the side of the incision by yellow, surmounted by a blue crescent, and inclosing a rounded black spot ; fringes of primaries black, of secondaries black, in the emargiuations yellow. Under side paler black, the spots repeated, paler colored, the submarginal spots enlarged ; those at the angles on secondaries more or less covered with orange ; also the spots on lower discoidal and upper median interspaces are tipped with orange ; the black area between the spots and band, on primaries, immaculate, but on secondaries this area is dusted with blue or purple scales, and the middle of each interspace is of a deeper shade of black than elsewhere. Body black ; the wing covers deep yellow ; the abdomen white without yel- PAPILIO IX. low excepting a lateral patch near the extremity ; legs, palpi, and antennae bkick. Female. — Expands 3 to 3.5 inches. Similar to the male in color and markings ; the submarginal spots of seconda- ries below more or less orange-tinted ; but in some examples the orange is con- fined to the two extreme spots, as in the male. This species is as yet exceedingly rare in collections. Mr. James Ridings bron<'ht from Colorado, in 1864, two males, one of which came into my posses- sion and is figured on the Plate, and the other was described by Mr. Reakirt, and is in the collection of the Entomological Society, at Philadelphia. Two females were taken by Mr. J. Duncan Putnam, in Clear Creek Caiion, above Golden City, Colorado, in 1872, and one of these has been kindly loaned me for illustration. The other is figured in the proceedings of the Davenport Academy, and seems to have had no tail whatever, — merely a dentation a little more prominent than elsewhere. In the collection of Mr. Henry Edwards is a female taken in Tuolumne County, on the rim of the Yo Semite Valley, and a male found on Mount St. Helena, in Napa County. These were the only examples known to us at the beginning of 1877. Mr. Edwards wrote me in Jul^^, as fol- lows : " I went up to the Sierras on 9th July and stopped at the Summit Station, 7,200 feet above the sea. The second day after my arrival I saw, close to the house, an Indra on the wing, and the next day I climbed to the top of one of the highest peaks in the region, that is, to an altitude of 8,000 or 8,200 feet. Sporting about on the top of this peak, the plateau being about thirty yards by ten in area, were three grand Indra. But the wind was blowing fearfidly, and they were constantly chased by Vanessas Cardui and Carye, and it was utterly impossible for me to catch one of them. They were very wild and over the edge of the cliff, which was quite precipitous, in a moment, forbidding the least approach. I had to go home the next day and had no chance to repeat my search." After the plate of Indra was drawn, I received from Mr. Edwards a fine pair of this species, and as the female was larger than the example figured I regret- ted my inability to have given it also. Mr. Edwards writes : " Among some insects which were collected by a young friend of mine, Hermann Dwindle, who died here a few weeks asjo, and who desired that the whole of his collection should be sent to me, I find several specimens of Indra, taken by him in Shasta County, in July of the present year." Mr. Edwards adds : "There is no doubt that the Coast Range of California is tlie home of Indra, and that all examples PAPILIO IX. taken in our Sievras and in Colorado, have strayed from their original birth- place. I have seen it now from Mendocino County ; from Knight's Valley, in Sonoma County ; and the examples taken by Mr. Dwindle were taken near the fisliing-station. McCloud River, Shasta Comity. Now these localities are all in what is called the Coast Range of mountains, lying far west of the Sierra Ne- vada, but connected with this range here and there b}' ridges of hills. Kni<'-lit's Valley is only about 350 feet above the sea, McCloud River about 1,000, and the sunnnit of the Sierra, where I saw the examples in July, about 8,000, so that the species varies much as to its altitude." Mr. Mead, who collected in northern Colorado for several months, in 1871, did not encounter this species there, nor did Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, U. S. A., who subsequently made extensive collections, both in northern and in southern Col- orado; and Mr. H. K. MorrLson, who brought, in 1877, an innnense collection of butterflies from southern Colorado, saw nothing of Iiidni. Nor has it appeared from New Mexico, Arizona, or Montana. The metropolis of the species seems to be in western California, as stated by Mr. Henry Edwards. The principal difference between Indni and Brcvicauda, apart from the absence of orange in the former, and the presence of this color in a varied and often ex- cessive degree in the latter, and which may be owing to climatal eifect, consists in the markings of the abdomen and in the length of the tail. In Iiidra the ab-. domen of the male is wholly black, excejiting a yellow stripe on the side near extremity ; in the female this is shown to be part of a stripe which extends the length of the abdomen, but which, except just at the extremity, is faint and nearly obsolete. This stripe on an otherwise black body is a characteristic of ZoVicaon, aiul is there distinct. But in the Asterias group, while the body is black, instead of a lateral stripe, tliere are lines of small yellow spots, and these ».ve fowwA m Brevlcauda. At the opposite extreme ivom. Aster' ias.MachaonXmn the abdomen lilack above, but elsewhere yellow, with narrow lateral and vertical black lines. All these species, except Asterias, have the markings of the wing- alike in both sexes, but in the latter species there is much difference in this re- spect. The series runs Machaon, ZoVicaon, Indra, Brevicanda, Asterias. The resemblance between Indra and Brecicauda, one at the extreme West, the other at the extreme East, and both restricted to very narrow limits, is sugges- tive of a period when both were represented by a single species which occupied the northern parts of the continent. This struck me when considering the peculiarities and the isolation o[ Brecicauda, and when I had only that species in view, and now the study of Indra seems to render the conclusion to which I then inclined more probable, — that these two species represent most nearly the primitive form from which the 3Iachaon and Asterias groups have de- scended. WAWlLlhm) ar/ Pcait L howjii, '.'(il BAIRDII 1 2d',3 49 PAPILIO X. PAPILIO BAIRDII, 1—4. Papilio Bairdii, Eihvards, rf, Proc. Eut. Soc, riiil., Vol. VI., p. 200, 18G6. ?, Eihv., Can. Ent., Vol. XI., p. 83, 1879. PRIMARIES much produced, strongly arched, the hind margins concave; tails long, sub-spatulate ; the sexes diiier in ornamentation. Upper side black ; primaries have a submarginal series of eight small 3-ellow spots, those next apex rounded, the others lunate ; secondaries have a similar series of six spots, the one at outer angle small, sometimes wanting, at inner angle narrow, the others large, irregularly lunate ; a common yellow band crosses the disks, composed on primaries of eight large spots, the first of which is long and pointed, but the basal half is nearly or quite wanting, owing to a circular sinus on costal side ; the second to sixth are sub-triangular, the seventh sub- quadrate, the eighth long and narrow ; these spots, from second to eighth, are sometimes all truncated on the inner side ; in other cases (jnly the last three or four, and fade gradually into the black ground ; most of them are also excavated on the outer side ; in the upper sub-costal interspace a rounded spot ; on the arc of cell sometimes an obsolescent yellow stripe, and another in the cell at about one third the distance from arc to base ; but in .some examples no trace of these stripes is seen ; the costal margin above the band is dusted yellow ; on sec- ondaries the band consists of seven spots, usually separated by the nervules only, but in some cases these spots are reduced and separated by considerable spaces ; in some examples the breadth of the band is reduced from one half to two thirds; the space between the band and the marginal spots is broad, black, and occupied by clusters of l)lue scales, which increase in density towards inner margin ; some- times, however, these clusters are wanting ; above the incision at anal angle is a fulvous ring on yellow ground, inclosing a rounded black spot ; this ring is usu- ally incomplete, the spot being joined to the black edge of the wing ; above the ring is a blue crescent of densely laid scales ; fringes yellow, alternating with black, yellow in the emarginations of secondaries. PAPILIO X. Under side blacki.sh brown ; the si^ots repeated, the sub-marginal enlarged, especially on primaries ; tlie sub-apical area on costa of jirimaries largely dusted with yellow ; the middle of the black space between the band and the outer spots is also dusted, so as to form a band or stripe of scales ; secondaries have the outer ends of the discal spots more or less suffused with yellow-fulvous, usu- ally only the two or three spots next the end of cell, Ijut sometimes all are so colored ; the black extra-discal space is nearly occupied by clusters of yellow scales, on the anterior edges of which are clusters of blue scales. Body black ; on either side of the thorax a deep ochre-yellow stripe to the insertion of the wings ; on the abdomen a sub-dorsal row of small yellow spots on either side, and another row which is lateral; there is also a lower lateral row from middle of the abdomen to last segment, and a vertical row of about the same length ; legs black, the outer side of the tilure and tarsi buff ; palpi yel- low and black ; frontal hairs black, at the sides yellow ; on either side, between the ej'cs and back of the antennse, is a yellow spot ; antennte and' club black. Female. — Expands 4 inches. Upper side black ; the discal band represented by imperfect spots on both wings, corresponding to the outer portion of the spots of the male ; there may be three or four of these on primaries, on the anterior part of the wing, or none at all ; on secondaries, either a few small clusters of yellow scales, or nothing, except on costal margin, where there seems always to be a large and usually a distinct spot ; all the yellow paler than in the males, rather buff" ; the clusters of blue scales sometimes large and conspicuous, sometimes obsolescent. On the under si, ■2""' sor.. v. X., p. 279, 1S52. Var. AuizoNExsis, Eilwanls, Paiiilio, v. HI., ]>. 4, 18s:j. Male. — Expands from 3.0 to 4.25 inches. Upper side yellow, banded with black ; costa of primaries bJack, more or less dusted throughout, and next base densely, with yellow ; a narrow Ijand cro.sses the bases of wino's and follows the abdominal maro-in, bends inwai'd at an obtuse angle and joins the extremity of the second band ; this last cros.ses l)oth wings, is broad on primaries, but narrows gradually as it api)roaches the inner margin. and on secondaries is reduced to a slender, tapering stripe; the third band crosses outer part of cell of primaries, is Ijroail, usually- curved, and is continued b}- an irregular patch to lower branch of median nervure, with spurs along the upper branches; the fourth band lies on the arc of cell; the fifth is made up of a rounded spot in sub-costal interspace, and a patch which reaches the discoidal nervule ; the marginal border is broad, even-edged within, and through it, on prunaries, runs a series of small yellow spots, which form a tapering band, the anterior spots oval or lunate, the others straight, and often mere streaks; on the basal side of these, on the Ijlack ground, is a stripe of yellow scales; on seconda- ries, the border widens posteriorly, and in the median interspaces is densely dusted with yellow on the inner side ; along the margin arc four yellow spots, the posterior one lunular, the remainder narrow bars, curved or straight ; sometimes a fifth spot appears at outer angle, but is always small, a streak, or cluster of scales ; next inner angle a small deep fulvous lunule, or a streak, often wanting ; the incision at this angle edged fulvous ; through the border runs a series of loose clusters of blue scales, often wanting on anterior half of wing, but more compact on lower median interspace, there forming a large rounded patch ; next inner margin a blue crescent; primaries usuallj' have the sub-costal and discoidal nervules edged black ; the arc of cell on secondaries often covered by a black bar; tail long, narrow, bent, convex outwardly, somewhat spatulate on inner side, but often so little as to be scarcely perceptible ; fringes of primaries black, 2 PAPILIO XII., XIII. a little yellow in the interspaces, of secondaries largely yellow, black at the ends of the nervules. Under side pale yellow, the bands repeated, the submarginal 3ello\v spots of primaries represented by a broad Avedge-shaped band ; the Ijlack ground antei'ior to this occupied by a band of loose yellow scales ; on secondaries the correspond- ing black ground is densely covered with similar scales, having along the anterior edge a macular stripe of pale metallic blue ; the submarginal spots repeated but enlarged, and the one at outer angle is a broad rectangular bar ; through the black discal bar sometimes runs a blue streak ; in some examples there is a faint fulvous discoloration on the yellow ground of secondaries, in median interspaces, but as a rule, tliere is no trace of this. Body black above ; a yellow stripe from the head to the insertion of sec- ondaries ; but often the black area is restricted to a narrow band from head to end of abdomen; beneath, the thorax is yellow with two oblique black stripes; abdomen yellow witli a lateral black stripe from insertion of secondaries to last segment, and two stripes ventral. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands fronr 4 to 4.8 inches. Upper side as in the male ; the blue scales in border of secondaries more dense, and continued across the wing, presenting the appearance of a macular band ; the spot at outer angle as in the male. (Figs. .3, 4.) The figures on Plate represent the summer bi'ood, and examples of this brood from California and Washington Territory are nearly all ochrey-yellow, while those of the spring are clearer. All examples observed from the Eocky Moun- tains are less ochraceous than those to the westward. Var. ARizojfEXsis. Wings less falcate, the black bands heavy, the tails bent in, very little or not at all .spatulate on inner side. (Figs. 5, 6.) Egg. — Sub-conoidal, base rounded and flattened ; surface smooth ; color deep green. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage ten to thirteen days. Young Larva. — Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, the anterior segments thickened ; color dark brown, mottled black; on 8 a whitish patch, the width of the .«eg- ment. rounded at the ends and taking in the sub-dorsal tubercles. l)ut descending- the sides no farther ; this patch covers tlie posterior part of 7 also, and is there broken into spots; an obscure light line runs the length of the body just under the sul)-dorsal tubercles ; on dorsum of 2 are four minute tubercles, or mere points, in two cross-rows, the front pair twice as far apart as those on 3, the other pair outside these ; from 3 to 13 are two tul^ercles to each segment, close together, and each of these points sends out one short hair ; the sub-dorsals are large on 2. 3, 4, 11, and 12, conical, pointed, witli one hair at apex and five about the sides, MM. 'Jt -VMh Vy Mary r.L'lULyS Var.ARiZONEl '^ /y/y "/■ R r T I! 1 , 1 ' H Nia,/nf/>r,/ L d /■ y /,(jf\-/■ < urn/Hmsoft . PAPILIO XII., XIII. every hiiir straight and ending in a knob ; on 13 is a similar tubercle, equal in size to that on 2, and armed in same way, these two being the largest of the row ; the other tubercles of these rows are small, equal, each with three hairs ; the upper lateral rows run from 2 to 12, are small on 2, 3, 4, each with three hairs, the rest minute, with two hairs ; below spiracles, from 2 to 13, is another row, the three anterior ones small, with three hairs each, the others minute, with two ; in all six rows, three on either side ; head shining black, obovoid, bilobed. (Figs. W, h\ h\) At two days from egg ; length .125 inch ; color mottled light and dark brown; 12 and 13 are obscure whitey-brown ; the lateral line distinct. (Fig. b represents this point in the stage.) To first moult about nine days. After first moult: at 6 hours from moult, length .24 inch; shape as before; color yellow-brown, mottled with dark brown ; on mid-dorsum on 3 is a black patch, and one on 4 in shape of a cross ; the patch on middle segments is formed of two narrow- bands which meet on sununit of 9, and run obliquely forward and down side to middle only ; 8 is wholly white, but on 7 are two small brown dorsal spots; sometimes the posterior end of 6 is mottled with white; 11 and 12 are dull white and brown ; along verge of dorsum a whitish stripe from 2 to 13 ; the low^er part of side is dull white mottled with pale brown ; 2 has a narrow arcuate front ridge, at either end of which is a stout yellow-brown tubercle, conical, with short pointed spurs about it, and each of these as well as the top gives out a short hair; on 11 is a pair of sub-dorsal low brown cones; 12 and 13 each have a compressed cross ridge on dorsum, and at either end of this is a tubercle much like the one on 2, on 13 the size of that, on 12 smaller ; on 3, 4, 5, are two rows, sub-dorsal, of round, glossy, light brown knobs, and on 3 and 4 each is one below these ; on 3 are two minute knobs between the sub-dorsals, and a little in advance of them ; on 4 are two of somewhat larger size, also in advance, and on 5 two minute ones more decidedly beyond the sub-dorsals ; after 5 there are no knobs or tubercles to 9 inclusive ; head obovoid, brown, the front greenish; the surface of head much covered with fine short hairs. (Figs. dtod\) At two days after first moult : length .4 inch ; the patch on dorsum has now a pink tint; the lower half of side of l)ody is whitish-blue ; on the other segments there is scarcely' any change ; on 3, 4, 5, outside of and at base of each sub- dorsal knob, is a black dash, and on 7 is another in same line. At three days after the moult : the color has become greenish, the light parts pink-white; a pair of light blue dots appear on dorsum of 9, 10, 11. Duration of this stage 4 to 5 days. After second moult : length .4 inch ; color either bright green and pale salmon, PAPILIO XII., XIII. or olive-brown and salmon, or green mottled and specked with brown over dorsum (three distinct styles of coloring) (Figs./,/^,/^); the side blue-white; the dorsal patch triangular, one angle being on 9, the others on sides of 7, color salmon ; 11 to 13 salmon mottled green ; in the brown examples 2, 3, 4 are green specked and mottled in shades from pale to olive-brown ; in all is a salmon line, in part macular, along verge of dorsum, and along lower part of side is another, less distinct; from 5 to 11, on the sides, are obscure oblique streaks of light specks, turned down and forward ; front ridge of 2 yellow, slightly arched, at either end a yellow conical tubercle ; on this segment are two minute sub-dorsal smooth green knobs ; on 3 are two such knobs, mid-dorsal, and two of larger size, sub-dorsal, with a black bar on anterior outer side of each, the four in line {Figs. f*,f°) ; on 4 are six knobs in an arc, the dorsal pair small, the sub-dorsals largest; tbe two outer of these knobs on either side have each a pale blue or a purple round spot on the dorsal side, and the sub-dorsals have also each a black bar on the outer side; on 5 are two small dorsal knobs near front and two large sub-dorsals on middle of the segment ; on 6, 8, 9, 10 each is a pair of sub-doi'sal blue or purple dots ; on 12 and 13 each a pair of sub-dorsal yellow conical tubercles, that on 13 the largei', all these on the ends of narrow cross ridges ; head shaped as before; color pale red-bi'own, lower part of face greenish (Figs./ At twenty-four hours after second moult : length .5 inch, the green and salmon deeper colored, the lateral stripes more conspicuous, the lower one broad from 2 to 5 inclusive, the rest macular ; on 4 the outer blue spot shows a brown ring. At forty-eight hours : length .56 inch ; the green now bluish with a gray tint, the salmon specks and small spots obliterated, the lateral stripes in part obsolete ; the dorsal patch changed to pale green except at the angle on 9, and a stripe on the side of 8 and 7 ; the patches on 4, wliich are a marked feature at next stage, now begin to show faintly, and in a few hours become pretty distinct (as seen in Fig. /■*). Duration of this stage three days. After third moult, at twelve hours: length .6 inch; color green specked with lighter or blue-green, least on anterior segments ; the salmon patch has mostly disappeared, but has left some traces, varying in individuals ; the lateral bands more or less distinct on two or three segments, the sides bluish or blue-green, varying ; 2 has the front ridge as before, the processes at ends reduced ; on 3 are sometimes two minute sub-dorsal green knobs, and two dorsals between them, but tbe last are often wanting even while the others are present ; on 4 is an elongated ochre-yellow patch on either side, divided into two sections, tbe upper one being sub-rectangular, the other ob-oval. the broad part outward, both com- PAPILIO XII., XIII. pletely edged by a line black line, and separated by a narrow purple space ; in the oval is a rounded purple spot in heavy black ring, and on the dorsal side of this is a black cross bar ; within the patch are three red-brown knobs, placed as in the previous stage, two of them inside the oval, the third just at the upper edge of the smaller section (Fig. g^) ; in one example these knobs were observed to be suppressed inside the patch (as seen in the middle figure, ^) ; in one, their position was indicated by a roughening of the surface with a brown dis- coloration ; there is some variation in the shape of the patches, as shown in the figures ; in nearly all cases they are separated across dorsum by a space measur- ing .04 inch, in one example the space was .045, in one .05 inch, but no other was above .04 ; on 5 are four purple spots in cross line near the posterior edge ; when the larva bends, the front of 6 is seen to be black across dorsum, and the posterior edge of 5 is often more or less yellow ; on 9, 10, 11 are two sub-dorsal spots to each ; 12 has two yellow sub-dorsal points, scarcely raised above the surface, and on 13 is a slight cross ridge with a yellow point at each end ; head shaped as before, pink, the lower face pale colored (Figs, g, rf). Duration of this stage six to seven days. After fourth moult : length about one inch ; in four to five daj's was fully grown. Mature Larva. — Length about two inches ; cylindrical, thickest at 4 and 5, sloping on back and sides to 13 ; color of dorsum and upper part of side dark green, the lower part of side pale or bluish-green ; the whole side specked with lighter color than the ground in oblique streaks ; 2 has a yellow front ridge, arched, the corners i-ounded ; on either side of 4 is an irregular club-shaped ochre-yellow patch, usually divided near its upper end, but sometimes not fully, there being then a yellow ligament binding the two parts on the anterior side; the upper spot, so cut off, is either triangular or sub-rectangular, the other is ob- ovate, sometimes double-convex ; each spot edged by a fine black line ; within the larger, and near its outer end, is a pale blue rounded spot in a heavy black ring, and above this is a black cross-bar ; these patches are separated across dorsum by a space which very constantly measures .06 inch ; 5 is usually edged posteriorly with yellow, but slightly, and often there is no trace of this color ; on front of 6 is a black band restricted to dorsum ; on 5 are four purple dots in cross-line, and on 9, 10, 11 each are four similar ones, the interior pair always a little the larger ; besides these is a row of purple dots below the spiracles from 5 to 10, but obscure ; 12 has a pair of sub-dorsal yellow points, 13 a larger pair; under side and prolegs whitish blue-green ; legs yellow ; head rounded, a little broadest across lower face, depressed at top, the vertices rounded ; color pink- brown (Figs, i to t''). PAPILIO XII., XIII. At about four days before suspension, the color begins to change, at first a soiled surface showing on dorsum ; this deejjens and spreads during two days, and finally the body becomes chocolate-brown, specked over dorsum with darker, and on sides witli lighter brown ; all the purple dots now appear distinctly. (Pig. k.) From fourth moidt to suspension about ten days, to jjupation eleven days ; from hatching of egg to jjupation about thirty -six days; from laying of egg forty- six. Chrysalis. — Length of several, 1.-38, 1.44, 1.45, 1.56, 1.60 inch, the larger being female ; greatest bi'eadth .4 to .42 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen tapering ; head case long, compressed transversely on both sides to an edge ; the ocellar pro- jections prominent, divergent, jDyramidal, the edges raised into thin ridges on dorsal side, the tops rounded, the incision between the two a right angle, with a small tooth on either side near the angle ; the mesonotum prominent, directed forwards, blunt and rough at tip, with a ridge passing down either edge ; on back of abdomen two rows of rounded corrugated tubercles from segments 5 to 13, those on 8 to 10 large, on 11a little less, the others small ; the larger tubercles are green-topped for some days after pupation, but change to black ; the others are yellow-brown ; on 6 to 11 is a second row of small green-topped tubercles high on one side, and four same color and small in row across dorsum ot 4 and 5; whole surface corrugated, the anterior part roughly, the ventral side finely ; color of ventral side throughout either one shade of gray-brown, or the abdomen is lighter; or shades of wood-l)rown ; of dorsal side brown or yellow-brown, often with a dull ochre tint on the middle segments ; along tlie side from top of head case to 13, with a branch along mesonotum, is a broad band of Ijrown, or some- times of black ; just after pupation the club-shaped larval spots of fourth seg- ment appear in nearly same shape in the chrysalis (Fig. m), yellow, each enclosing two tubercles; the color fades from the.se spots after a few days. Duration of this stage seventeen to twenty days. (Figs. I, m.) Rutuhis belongs to a small and well-defined sub-group, which comprises Eu- rymedon, Daunus, Pilumnus, and Turnus. The last named species occupies the continent east of the Rocky Mountains; Eiirnmedon and Ruhdus the Pacific slope, and more or less of the mountain region to the eastern base ; Daunus follows the Rocky Mountains pretty closely, and finds its metropolis in Mexico ; and Pilumnus is a Mexican species, which on rare occasions has been seen in Arizona. The peculiarities of four of these species are shown on the plates of this Volume. Ruhdus and Eurymedon lie between Turnus and Daunus, and the latter leads up to P'dunmus. All have the wings striped after the same pattern, ])ut with variations, which are most marked in Pilumnus, the strijjes in that species being reduced from five to four and considerably modified. Daunus has PAPILIO XII., XIII. the jiosterior dentations lengtliened into tails, and in Pllumnni^ this peculiarity is carried still farther. In man}* respects 7\inius is as aljerrant on the one side as is Pihimnus on the other. Its form is compact, all the others having much pi'oduced wings, its tails are decidedly spatulate. It alone presents a large rounded fulvous spot at the outer angle of hind wings in the female ; in all the others there is no spot there, or it is a minute one or a line, always yellow; in the same sex, the blue scales on Turnus form great lunate clusters, while in liutirlus they lie in a narrow macular stripe, and are often largely obsolete; in the re- maining species they are still less definite, lunius shows dimorphism in the female, and beyond a certain line as we go southward, the black females pre- dominate, and finally supplant the yellow females almost if not quite completely. No dimorphism appears in the othei- species. In the mature stage only is the larva of Eurymadon known, and the same is true of Daunus, while of PUumnus nothing is yet known. Of Turnus and Rutulus we have the full history. In the mature larval stage Rutuhis and Daunus are very much alike, both having the peculiar club-shaped yellow spots on fourth segment ; Euri/medon, contrary to what might have been expected, as the butterfly is very close to Rutulus, differs much from these two ; and Turnus and Rutulus at each larval stage pre- sent marked differences. I compare Turnus with Rutidus stage by stage : — RUTULUS. YOUNG LARVA. Color dark brown ; the wliite patcli on 7 and 8 re.stricted to dorsum, just tafiiiig in tlie sul)dorsaf tubercfes on either verge. A light stripe runs tlie length of body, outside the sub-dorsal tubercles. A double row of dorsal tubercles, minute, each with a hair. The tubercles ou i at ends of the cross-ridge are regular cones, ending in a point (J*) ; tlie hairs long. The sub-dorsal tubercles all prominent, those on middle segments with three hairs eacli ; all hairs comparatively long {Ir ^). The lateral tubercles liave tliree hairs each on 2, 3, 4 ; on 5 to 1:^, though small, are distinct, and each bears two hairs (i'). The iufra-stigmatal tubercles are equal in size to those of lateral row on corresponding segments, three hairs each on 2, 3, 4, 13, and two each on the rest (S*j. TURNUS. YOUNG LAKVA. Color dark brown ; the white patch saddle- shaped, descending liie sides to or near to spiracles. No stripe. Dorsal tubercles in same position, l)Ut the merest points with scarcely the stump of a hair. These tubercles rounded, sub-ovoid (c'j ; the hairs sliort. These tubercles on 3 and 4 are small, low ; on tlie middle segments minute and witiiout liairs, on II to 13 small (e-). From 5 to 12 are mere points without hairs; on 2 is a point with single hair ; on 3 and 4 are .small, size of that on 5 of Butnlus, and have three and two hairs respectively {c'). These tubercles are points, three in horizontal line on 3 and 4 each, on .5 to 12 three in equilat- eral triangle ; ou 2 one hair (e-). PAPILIO XII., XIII. After First Moult (twelve hours). — Color After first Moult (twelve liours). — Color yellow-brown, mottled darker, with black patch on black-browu ; a black medic-dorsal Hue, slightly top of 3 and a black cross on 4 ; patch ou 7 and 8 expanded on 3 and 4 ; the patch not triangular triangular, stopping on mid-sides on 7 (rf'*). Tlie stripe below sub-dorsals distinct (as in first stage). No lilac spots on dorsum in the early part of this stage ; but at three days from moult appear a pair on 9, 10, 11 each. After Second Moult (twelve hours). — Color either bright green (no brown) ; or green, mottled and specked over dorsum with olive- brown ; or olive-brown, mottled in darker shades and no green. The patch salmon-red, triangular. A salmon stripe along edge of dorsum and an- other low on side, both the length of body. The sides specked with light green, in the brown larv;B with brown, disposed in obscure oblique stripes pointing forward and downward. After Third Moult (twelve hours). — Color blue-green. The patch mostly suppressed (g, ff'^). The two lateral salmon bauds more or less dis- tinct. Ou 4 is a long ochre-yellow spot, with a deep sinus on its posterior side, the sinus purple. (Figs. The distance between the inner extremities of the two spots across dorsum is .04 inch, none over .05 inch. Color green from the moult. After Fourth Moult (twelve hours). — Tlie spot on 4 variable in shape, but always elongated ; the inner extremities .06 incii apart. (Figs, i" ^.) Rutulus inhabits the country we.st of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ; is seen more or less in those mountains in Colorado and Arizona. How far to the north, in British Columbia, it flies, I am unable to say. In Ent. M. Mag., Lond. XIX. p. 276, is a mention of Turnus, on Vancouver's Island, and it is stated that its eggs are laid on willows. This was a mistake for Rutulus, of course ; Turnus certainly not flying west of the main divide, and its larvae not feeding on willow. Throughout California, Rutulus is common, and Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Ber- but saddle-shaped, broad ou each side and reach- ing nearly to the feet (e"). No stripe. Many lilac spots from the beginning, two on 4 inside the sub-dorsal tubercles, two on 5, 10, 11. (Fig. e.) After Second Moult (twelve hours). — Color black-brown, mottled with lighter. Patch yellow-white, saddle-shaped as before. No stripes. No such markings. After Third Moult (twelve hours). — Color usually olive-brown ; sometimes dull green on an- terior segments ; brown after S. The patch distinct. No bands. On 4 is a sub-oval green-yellow spot, correspond- ing with so much of the spot on Hulnlus as lies be- low the sinus; no purple. (Figs. /;, //^.) The distance between the inner extremities is .12 to .15 inch. At two days from the moult gradually loses the brown, but in many cases never wholly. After Fourth Moult (twelve hours). — The spot on 4 sub-oval or pyriform ; the inner extrem- ities .16 to .18 inch apart. {^^S^-j\j^-) PAPILIO XII., XIII. n.inlino, has paid close attention to its habits and larval history during the past year, ISSo, from early spring to November, taking a vast deal of trouble ex- pressly that he might aid me in making known this history by plates and text. Mr. Wright repeatedly obtained eggs from females tied in bags over branches of willow, which were sent me through the mail, aud from these came larvae which reached chrysalis and imago at Coalburgli He has written notes on the species in substance as follows : " The first brood of Rutuliis butterfly appears in the interior valleys of southern California early in March, the earliest examples fly- ing in the canons of the mountain side, in the equable thermal belt, at an eleva- tion of a few hundred feet above the low-lying plain, and yet below the colder altitudes. In a week or two, they are seen in all the willow thickets of the valley, and along the tree-lined roadsides. The males are out a week before any females appear. This first brood lasts but a short time, having wholly disap- peared by the last of April. The second brood comes in May, and thenceforward the broods doubtless overlap, as there are always ])lenty of -butterflies through- out the summer, and into November. In July and August the females are more plenty and more prolific tliau earlier. The food plant of the caterpillar is willow of several species, chiefly Salix lasiolepis, and S. lasiaudra, or what are locally known as white willow, from the smooth white bark. The Ijutterflies never go near S. nigra, nor the narrow, silvery leaved Argyrophylla, or Ilendsiana. I know of several copses of these black willows, and iiave not during all this season seen any Rutulus near them. Their habit, in laying eggs, is to hover in rapid flight about the lower branches of the willows, and drop one egg on the upper side of a leaf, then fly rapidly to another plant. The color of the egg being exactly that of the leaf, it is not easy to find one, even when the laying is ob- served. " Having agreed to do what I could to get eggs for Mr. Edwards, the chase began before any females were abroad, and was kept up almost daily for three months or more. The feuiales of the first brood were all small-bodied, and could lay but few eggs. They also proved very unruly and almost always refused to lay when in confinement. As at first it was thought that apple or cherry was the food-plant, females were unsuccessfully confined over these and allied plants; but at length one was detected in the act of laying on willow, so that farther mis- take was avoided. But even on willow they so steadily refused to lay, that from several dozen butterflies of the first brood I only got ten eggs, all of which were sent to Coalbnrgh. " The males of the first brood were fond of feeding on blossoms of the running blackberry, and occasionally were seen on couiposites, but I did not see a female of that brood feeding on any flower. By the time the first brood had gone, their PAPILIO XII., XIII. habits and run-ways had been so well learned that I felt sure of ultimate suc- cess. " About 10th May, the fresh, bright colored males of the second brood sud- denly appeared in considerable numbei's, and in a week females were also flying. One day, I took two fine females, and the next discovered several feeding on alfalfa blossoms. That day eight were put in three bags and tied to willow boughs in the thickets, and the next afteimoon quite a number of eggs had been laid and were sent forward. " These females were all notably larger than those of the first brood, and gen- erally laid several eggs in confinement. From one I got twenty-eight. When the butterflies were taken far from my house, or in places difficult of access, they were put in tin boxes, and there confined with cut twigs of willow. But willow speedily wilts in a warm, dry place, so that in two hours the plant woidd be worthless, as the insects have sense enough not to lay on wilted leaves. To rem- edy this difficulty, I thought of the expedient of inverting over the plant, leaving off the bag, a wide-mouthed glass jar, of as large size as could be got. Jars of a gallon capacity gave excellent results. These not oiily kept the leaves from wilting, but also rendei'ed the air moist and quiet, and evidently in a favorable condition for the object in view. But wherever possible, the butterflies were put in the gauze bags and left in the thicket where they had been found. In such cases three enemies are to be guarded against, boys, birds, and ants. The curious boys cannot possibly let the odd apparatus alone if they find it, and the sharp little Indian boys are quick at sjoying out such things. The birds are about as bad, for they eat the butterflies, prying open the meshes of the bag with their bills. To circumvent them, it is well to use a double bag, or to cover the bag with a cloth on the upper side. As to the ants, I have, whenever possi- ble, waded into a stream, or better, a wet bog, and so found places safe from both ants and boys. Then the bags must be placed low down near the ground and on thrifty fast-growing twigs. High-hung bags are never successful. Considerable shade must be had or the butterflies will die. All these things, easy enough when known, cost me days and weeks of experiment, and many disheartening failures occurred. From one caui^e or other it has sometimes been necessary to keep the captured females for several days. In such cases I fed them on sweetened water. They ai'e easily tamed and soon learn to feed. " It is probable there are more than three broods hei'e when the season is so long. The butterflies will be flying in November, and if we allow two months for a brood, the fourth would appear about first of September, and their caterpil- lars would have time to pupate before cold weather, for with us October is very warm." PAPILTO XII., XIII. Later Mr. Wright wrote me that on 15th September he found a half grown larva of I^ittu/us near hi.s house. Mr. Baron, some years ago, reported that in north California he saw Rufulus laying on willow, and he got the egg. This was mentioned in Papilio III., p. 65, 1883. Mr. R. H. Stretch, who has had great experience in collecting and breed- ing butterflies in California, and is a careful observer of their habits, wrote me, 30th April, 1883 : " I see a note of yours about the egg of Rutulus on willow. Now Rutulus is always found hawking up and down willow thickets in preference to any other locality, and I have always supposed it to be a willow feeder, though I never succeeded in finding the larva." Unquestionably, willow is the usual food of this species, but other plants must also be eaten, though they may not be preferred. Mr. T. L. Mead, in Psyche II., p. 180, 1878, says that one female of several con- fined by him when in California over a branch of wild cherry laid twenty eggs, but the others refused. He found the young larvte more difficult to raise than those of Turnus, and in fact they all died when past the first moult. He says, " Mr. Henry Edwards informs me that he has repeatedly found larvae of this species, but usually lost them before they changed to chrysalis." As to this state- ment, Mr. Edwards tells me that he probably spoke of Eurymedon, which he formerly mixed up with Euiulus, and that he never had larvaj of Rutulus but once, and then from three eggs which he saw a female lay on alder, Alna viridis, as mentioned in Papilio II., p. 113. These larvaj died from neglect after third moult. So that, as far as known, willow and alder are the only food plants of this species, for the eggs obtained by Mr. Mead were laid in confinement, and the larvae died not long after hatching. The first lot of eggs sent me by Mr. Wright suffered from mould on the jour- ney, and but one hatched. I offered the larva leaves of cherry, apple, and tulip tree (this last the favorite food of P. Turnus), but it died, having eaten nothing. The next lot arrived 31st May, ten days en route, and all apparently liealthy. One larva came out 1st June and eight the next day. I gave these tulip leaves only. On the 5th five larvaj died suddenly, after vomiting a purple fluid, and by the 6th all were dead. They seemed to have been poisoned by the food, which they had eaten of very sparingly, nibbling a little here and there. Evidently the food was distasteful to them. On 5th June more eggs arrived, and to the larvaj from them I ofl'ered tulip, cherry, apple, and willow. Next day all were found on the willov/ and feeding. Two other lots of eggs came, to 11th June, and only willow was given the larvae. Henceforth there was no more trouble and no loss. The larvas are as easy to raise as are those of Tunms. Some examples at each stage were preserved in PAPILIO XIL, XIII. alcohol, but fifteen were allowed to go to pupation. The first chrysalis formed 5th July and this gave butterfly 25th July, or at nineteen days. The second formed 8th July and the butterfly came out 28th, or at twenty days; both female. On 25th August came a male at seventeen days, on 28th a female at nineteen ; and others appeared at intervals to 5th September. Later some chrys- alids which I supposed were hibernating gave butterflies irregularly, the last on 18th November. One large male came 26tli April, and two chrysalids died dur- ing the winter. This male was fully as large as any of the fall brood and in ap- pearance like those. The larva of Rtitulus is in habits similar to Turmis. It is sluggish, scarcely moving at all. It weaves a web across part of the upper surface of the leaf it rests on, whereby the leaf is somewhat drawn together, enough to leave an open space between the web and leaf. The web serves as a bridge on which the larva lies in comfort when a flood pours down the leaf. I measured one of these webs on which a full-grown Turnus rested, and found it two and a half by one and a half inches in extent, and four tenths inch above the bend of the leaf. It was so firm that I observed no depression from the weight of the larva. On sprinkling water vertically upon the leaf, it passed through the web readily. I fed both weeping and golden willow, and they were equally relished. Al- though Turnus is known to feed on many species of plants, and of widely different groups, no one has observed willow to be one of them, and when I have at- tempted to force the larviie to eat willow, it was without effect. In California are many plants allied to those on which Turnus feeds, and that RutuJus should be nearly restricted to willow shows a difference quite as significant as anything seen in tlie larva or imago. During part of the summer I was rearing a lot of Turnus larvae from the egg, and so was able to compare the two species stage by stage, with the results before set forth and shown on the Plate. Note. AVhile this paper was passing through the press, Mr. James Behrens wrote me from Mt. Shasta, Cul., that he had recently found larvic of Rutulus on a species of balsam-poplar, and fed them with the leaves of this tree in confinement. PAPILIO XITI. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. a. Egg ; magnified. 6. Young Larva of Rutdlus ; magnified. J-, /j\ Same in outline; magnified. b*. Tubercle on second segment ; magnified. c, c". Young Larva of Turnus; magnified, c'. Tubercle on second segment; magnified. d, d'-. Larva of Rittulus after first moult; m.agnified. d^. Same in outline; magnified. e, e'. Larva of Tuunus after first moult ; magnified. f, f'-,f^. Larva of Rutulus after second moult, showing various coloring; magnified. /*,/^ Same stage, segments 3, 4, 5 ; magnified. ff. Larva of Rutdlus after third moult; slightly enlarged. g~. Same, later in the stage; enlarged. (/'. Spots on fourth segment, showing variation. h. Larva of Turnus after third moult ; enlarged. k^. Spots on fourth segment, showing variation. i. Mature Larva of Rutulus ; natur.al size. P. Same, back view, showing the spots on fourth segment. i'. Spots on fourth segment in variety. /. Mature Larva of Turnus; natural size. j'. Spots on fourth segment in variety. k. Rutulus shortly before pupation. I. Chrysalis of Rutulus. m. Same in outline; showing the spots on fourth segment. So * .« N .* ^"S* 1 1 f * /,■■ 4#?'- <■■' ^y .^■ A; ■"C''''V, •ill r I (" 1 '•^ \i i^ /-' DrAwn by M?r YIZBRI 1 2 c^, 3 . 4 ? ; var=. 5 ? : NELSONl 6.7 c? SGKERII 8c?, 92 : CHLORIDICE lOc^, 1L9. T a 'i'^ Kqg Sisiiriiliri innr/nilir'i/ fj LfU'\-ii " (///(//iirrj \ il (I •' Lrrnn f <'liri/.\fi/i s Brrkr, PIERIS I. PIERIS SISYMBRI, 1-5. Picris Sisymbri, Boisihival, Aim. Sue. Kiit. do rrani't', 1852, p. 284. Male. — Expands 1..'] to 1.6 inch. Upper side white with a faint ^'ellow tint ; bases of wings dusted with black ; primaries have the costal margin gray for tliree fifths the length from base ; the ends of the nervulcs from apex to second branch of median covered by black bars, which diminish gradually in lengtli down the margin; midway between margin and cell is a transverse black band, interrupted opposite cell, and running from costa to upper median interspace; on the arc a black bar, indented on outer side ; secondaries inunaculate ; fringes of both wings white ; black at the ends of the nervules. Under side same color ; the markings repeated, but paler or gray, the bars along margin of primaries greenish-gray. Secondaries have all the nervures and branches broadly edged on both sides with greenish-gray, somewhat interrupted on the extra-discal area, and across this is a series of black serrations lying on the nervules, pointing towards and parallel to the margin. Body gray above, thorax white })elow, abdomen yellowish ; legs white ; palpi white with black hairs in front; antenna) black above, whitish beneath; club black, the tip orange. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands from 1.6 to 2 inches. Upper side like the male, but usually the extra-discal band is extended to sub- median interspace, the second niL'dian interspace being immaculate; on under side the markings are as in the male, sometimes slight and pale, but often heavy, greenish-black ; the nervures and branches of secondaries in many examples ijuff. (Figs. 3, 4.) Var. Flava. Female. — Both surfaces pale yellow. (Fig. 5.) PIERIS I. Egg. — Long, narrow, conical, the base and top flattened, depressed ; ribbed longitudinally, the interspaces excavated, and crossed by numerous striaj ; of two examples under view, one has the ribs rather prominent, the other flattened, as are also the intervening spaces, and the middle is much swollen, after the manner of an egg of Colias ; both have 14 ribs ; color when first laid yellow, shortly before the end of the stage red (Figs, a a/, o? micropyle). Mature Larva. — Length .9 inch ; cylindrical, tapering slightly from middle segment to extremity ; color light yellow crossed with stripes of black ; each segment several times creased, and on the ridges so caused are small yellow tu- bercles of irregular sizes, each giving out a short, fine black hair ; on all segments after 2 and including 12, are two stripes to the segment ; on 3 and 4 these have nearly even edges; but from 5 to 12 the anterior one has the front edge either sinuous or escalloped, so that an arch falls on middle of dorsum, and sometimes it is produced quite to the anterior edge of the segment, and another falls on either edge of dorsal area ; usually this stripe is broken on lower part of sid^ ; the stripe on posterior part of the segment is narrow and is prolonged to the basal ridge ; along this ridge is a macular black band ; under side yellow-white ; feet black, pro-legs yellow ; head sub-globose, granulated ; the upper front face broadly black ; a black triangle over mandibles, and the ocelli are black on a black bar. (Figs. J?, W, If.) From egg to chrysalis 33 days in April and May ; in May and June 30 days. Chrysalis. — Length .5 to .53 inch ; cylindrical; the head case narrow, exca- vated on either side ; a short, stout projection between the eyes ; mesouotum prominent, rounded, a little cai-inated, followed by an excavation about as deep as the mesonotum is high, but not evenly rounded, rather angular ; on either side of dorsum, on anterior abdominal segments, are thin and angular elevations, all slight, the foremost one most prominent; color dark brown; whole surface, ex- cept the wing covers, covered with irregular granulations. (Fig. c.) This species is found Ijoth in North and South California, in Nevada, in South- ern Colorado, and in Arizona. Mr. 0. T. Baron, in his excursions through North- ern California, foimd Sisi/mhri abundant, and twice succeeded in bringing the larvtB to maturity, and imago. Eggs laid lltli April hatched 25th. The first moult took place 7th May, the second on 13th, the third 20th, and pupation took place 28th May. These eggs were obtained by confining the female in bag over the food-plant. Another lot of eggs which were found, hatched 5th May. The first moult took place 14th, tlie second on 19th, the third on 25th, and pupation 4th June. By Mr. Baron's observations there were but three moults. Mr. T. L. Mead, in 1878, found the butterfly as well as caterpillars in Southern California, and PIERIS I. made the di'awing which I have used. I was able tc compare it with several larvfe in alcohol sent me by Mr. Baron. The chrysalis is drawn from an alco- holic example, also from Mr. Baron. The outline is correct, but the color may not be so accurately given as if I had had the living chrysalis at hand. Mr. Baron says the color is " dark brown," and the appearance of these examples would indicate that the natural color is of one shade. There are no black dots, as is common in chrysalids of species of Pieris. PIERIS I. PIERIS NELSOXI. G, 7. Pieris Nelsoni. Male. — Expands 2 inches. Upper side white ; costal margin of primaries and bases of both wings dusted black ; at apex of primaries and to second branch of median, serrated black patches on ends of the nervnles ; and beyond, an extra-di.scal transverse row of small spots, of which two are deep black ; namely, one in lower sub-costal, the other in upper median interspace ; another spot in sub-median interspace is repre- sented by a cluster of scales ; on the costal margin, the upper spot is joined to the black marginal edging by a stripe of black ; on arc, a sub-oval black spot, through which runs a whitish streak ; fringes white. Under side of primaries white, with a faint greenish-yellow tint over apical area ; the markings repeated, those about apex diffused, gray-brown ; the inner row.gray-l)rown, the lower spot, on sub-median interspace, as distinct as the rest. Secondaries white, faintly tinted greenish-yellow ; all the nervures and branches broadly bordered with gray-brown, especially those which include tlie cell, and the branches of median and the sub-median ; indeed the interspaces are nearly closed up below the cell ; beyond the disk these borders are joined by serrations in the interspaces, most conspicuous from outer angle to upper branch of median, but continued across the median interspaces. Body above covered witli long gray hairs, abdomen black on both dorsum and sides ; imder side of thorax A'cllow-gray, abdomen white ; palpi white with many black hairs ; antennaj black ; club black, tip green. From 1 i taken l)y Mr. J. W. Nelson, at St. Michael's, Alaska, June, 1881. Unfortunately no 9 was taken. The species is near CaUldice, Esper, but dif- fers in the coloration of the under side, which .is gray-brown instead of green, and on upper side in the shape of the cellular spot, which is a short oval, in stead of a long curved bar, as in 2 (J 2 ? European Callidke before me (also in PIERIS I. Esper's figure, Plate 115, Fig. 2), and in the presence of a spot in sub-median interspace. I submitted this example to Mr. A. G. Butler, British Museum, for comparison with CaUidice, and he observed that it differed therefrom in the points indicated, and says : " We have a similar specimen marked North Amer- ica, and which I had separated by a label as probably distinct." Kirby, Catalogue, attributes CaUidice to Europe and Asia, with no special lo- calities named. Staudinger, Catalogue, says : " Summits of the Alps, and Pontus and Asia Minor, Alpine." So that it would not appear to fly in Eastern Asia. PIERIS I. PIERIS BECKERII. 8, 9. Pierh Beck-erii, Edwards, But. N. A. I, p. 28, pi. 8, 1871. By the kindness of Mr. Mead, I am able to give figures of the mature larva and chry.salis of Becker'd. The larva was drawn and colored by him from nature, and the outlines of the chrysalis were drawn, but not colored. The coloring given on the Plate is from Mr. Mead's description. Mature Larva. — " Length 1.25 inch ; color greenish-white, thickly marbled or sprinkled with gray, and with a very distinct orange belt between the seg- ments ; each segment also has 16 or 18 jet black tubercles which taper into black bristles; the head is tinged with yellow." (Figs, d, cV.) T. L. Mead. Chrysalis. — " Is of much the same general shape as that of Pieris Protodlce, Bois., but less angulated ; the front is terminated by a blunt point ; the cephalic portion is rounded, with uneven surface, and with the dorsal surface of the tho- rax, is dark-grayish brown ; the ridge above the wing cases, which is quite con- spicuous in Protodice, is absent in Bcckerii ; the remainder is gray, nearly white upon the wing cases, and on the ridges of the first two abdominal segments ; a pale stigmatal streak extends from the margin of the wing cases to the tail ; in line across dorsum are four black dots at the boundary between thorax and ab- domen. Duration of this stage al)out 15 days." (Fig. e.) T. L. Mead. Mr. Mead says : " In the Mohave Desert, 24th May, 1878, I found numbers of these larvre on various cruciferous plants." Since this species was figured, it has been alleged by several authors to be identical with P. CIdoridice, a species credited in Dr. Staudinger's Catalogue to Southern Russia, Persia, and Siberia. I have examples of Chloridice from Dr. Staudinger, and I apprehend that while there is a certain resemblance, such as would connect the two forms in a sub-group, there is by no means identity. One cannot properly be called a variety of the other, or a local race of the other. Bcckerii in both sexes is well represented on my Plate. Dr. H. A. Hagen, in 1881, took 27 or more examples in Oregon and Washington Terr., and says : PIERIS I. "My specimens agree exactly with the excellent figures'' of Vol. I., But. N. A. It is not necessary therefore to re-figure Beckeril on account of variation, but to make the distinction between it and Chlorldice patent, I give figures of the upper and under side of Beckerii ^ (8); of upper side of the 9 (9); both fi-om Vol. I.; and the corresponding wings of Chloridlce $ (10), 9 (11), from the examj^les in my collection. C/ifon'tZice is a much smaller species, and looks more like an An- thocaris than a Pieris. My examples of Beckerii measure ^* v^ » * %^ lii-.i>v„ !,;• M.-jA- P>:-:yi L.lioweci cnl Plula OLIlylT'LA..! 2 6.349. AUSONIDES,!:^ S * ''8 ■ ANTHOCARIS J^ H. ANTHOCARIS AUSONIDES, 5-8. Antkocaris Ausonides (Au-son'-ides), Boisdiival, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1852. Lep. de la Cal., 1869, Male. — Expands 1.5 to 1.9 inch. Upi^er side white, sometime.s pure, but most often yellow-tinted, much sprinkled with black scales at bases of wings ; primaries have the apex gray or black, in- closing a white patch on costal margin, and white marginal rays in the discoidal and vipper median interspaces ; these rays sometimes expanding into oval or rounded spots, just within the margin, in which case, including the costal patch, there are three or four spots crossing the apex ; costal edge slightly specked with black ; a black spot on arc, reniform or lunate, or sometimes a sinuous bar, usually reaching the sub-costal nervure. Secondaries have a mottled appearance owing to their transparency ; fringe of primaries alternately black and white, of secondaries white, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries as above, except that the dark apex is wanting, or is represented only by small clusters of dull green scales, which are suffused with yellow, as is also all that portion which is dark on upper side, the white patch usually retaining its color ; a white line on the arc within the discal spot. Secondaries mottled with dull green disposed in three ragged, transverse bands, and a demi-band on the inner side between the marginal and central ; the mar- ginal band deeply scolloped ; all these usually suffused with yellow, and diversi- fied with points and patches where the absence of the green scales discloses the white ground ; the nervui'es of the disk yellow. Body above gray-black, be- neath yellow- white ; legs same ; palpi white with many gray hairs; antennae and club gray specked with black above, ochraceous beneath. Female. — Same size, and closely resembles the male ; frequently secondaries on upper side are suffused with a buff or ochraceous tint. Mature Larva. — Length 1 inch. Cylindrical, slender ; head small, round, green specked with black ; body entirely covered with black granules, from each of which springs a short hair ; marked longitudinally by three lead-colored stripes, one dorsal, two lateral, the intervening spaces being yellow ; the lateral stripes edged below with white that shades into yellow; legs black, pro-legs greenish- yellow. ANTHOCARIS II. Chrysalis. — Length .9 inch. Slender, cylindrical, thickest in the middle, tapering therefrom pretty evenly, the extremities bemg of nearly equal size, the anterior a little flattened ; viewed laterally, the figure is that of a highly obtuse- angled triangle, the sides equal, the base nearly straight, there being only a slight wave at thorax ; color gray-brown, covered with fine longitudinal darker streaks. This species is common in California and Colorado. It is also brought from Utah, Arizona, and Montana, and from Vancouver's Island. The late Robert Kennicott sent me, some years ago, a specimen taken by himself on the Yukon River, a very high latitude for a species of so delicate a genus. In the At- lantic States, the allied A. Genutia is very rarely found north of latitude 40°, twenty degrees south of the Yukon River. Of the habits of this species Mr. Henry Edwards writes : " It is one of the very first to appear in spring, and as early as the end of February, if the weather be moderately warm, may be seen sporting over the flowers of Brassica, Radix, and other cruciferous plants. It is local, but where found, occurs in some abundance. Through the whole of the San Joaquin, Alameda, and Napa valleys it is common, though only in the early season, for it is single-brooded, and its existence seems to terminate about the end of April." The larva was discovered by Mr. Mead, in Colorado, in 1871, and from one sent by him the drawing on the Plate was made. Mr. Mead wrote, 28th June, as follows : " At Turkey Creek Junction there were many eggs and some larvte of Ausonides to be found, the latter feeding on the flowers and seed-vessels of a cruciferous plant. The eggs were long, ribbed longitudinally, and in color light yellow. The larvae are solitary, and are seen stretched at length on the stem or seed-pods of the plant." From a chrysalis also sent by Mr. Mead, the butterfly emerged at Coalburgh, in the spring of 1872. There is a striking resemblance between the larva of Ausonides and that of Picrls Protodice, a butterfly very common in the Southern and Western States. Their larvie are more alike in color, form, and markings than often happens be- tween species of the same genus. The chrysalids, on the contrary, may be said to have no resemblance whatever. Ausonides, as remarked by Di\ Boisduval, is scarcely distinguishable from Ausonia, Hubner, a species found in the regions bordering the Mediterranean, and subject to much variation, especially in the degree of mottling of the under side of secondaries. Tlie alpine var. Siinplonia, Freyer, seems nearest the usual American type, though we have also individuals in which the markings approach Bella, Esper, considered to be another variety of Ausonia. A comparison of ANTHOCARIS II. the larvae and chrysalids would best determine the relationship, but 1 have been unable to find a description of these stages in Ausonia. It is to be noticed that where a species becomes widely dispersed and sections are separated by impass- able barriei's, the larvje are often first to differ, and may become quite distinct before any wide difference is observed in the imago. As in the case of the Pa- pilios, Turnus, and Enrymedon, where the butterflies differ but in color, while the larvae are strikingly unlike. So with several of the Graptas figured in Vol. I. of this work. And in determining the identity or otherwise of two forms from opposite sides of the globe, especially if they inhabit the regions below the Boreal, so that the segregation may be presumed to have been complete for a long period, the preparatory stages are a most important element in the com- parison. If the separation is marked in these, even though not clear enough in the butterflies to be fixed by description — as, for instance, in the present case of Ausonia and Ausonides — it is safe to conclude that on one or both sides there has been a departure from the original type, and that henceforward be- tween these two there will be nothing but divergence. They have reached a point at which they may properly be treated as distinct species. A'M^mmGmisMK ^ m^- A > i 4 \ - \ A m i/ s ^ -f X V ^ ------Sdi' ) ■^ V ^«g ■i / / d Drawi. by Mary P^n ;i L Biwan. Coi PHILODICE 1,2 4, 3.4? 5 9 var , 6 V albino. b Liii-Yii 1 i/ouni/i "t'tcr /" „,„„// r Liiivii ,it/rr .i "' numll indqmf' d <■> nd g maUire h n, n/sii/i. f . COLIAS II., Ill COLIAS PHILODICE. Cotias Pliilotlke (Phi-lod'-i-ce), Goilart, Enc. Meth. IX., ]>. 100, 1819. Swainson, Zoiil. Illust., 2d ser., II., pi. CO, 1831. lioi.<. and Leo., p. 64, pi. 21, 1833. IJois., Spec. Gen., I., p. ti47, 183G. Palaiw, Cramer, I'ap. Ex., I. pi. 14, F. (i. , mr>. Anthjale, Hubner, Zntr. Ex. Sclimett, f. 307, 308, 1823. Europonwne, Stephens, Illust. Br. Ent, Ilaust., I., |i. in, pi. 1, 1S28. Swainson, Zool. Illnst., above cited, pi. 70, 1831. Ilnmplireys and Westwood, Brit. But., p. 17, pi. :5, 1848. Male. — Expands 2.25 inches. Upper side sulphur-yellow, often lemon-yellow, usually but little obscured at base; costal margin of primaries dusted with black ; the border of hind margin broad, black, more or le.'^s dusted with j^ellow, at the apex often partly crossed by the yellow ner\iiles, sometimes irregularly dcntated on the inner side, ))ut usually even edged or slightly erose, curving rounilly at tlie apex, generally much ad- vanced on the costal margin, and projecting a short spur on the inner margin ; discal spot large, sub-ovate, black ; costal edge pink. Secondaries have also a broad marginal border, usually somewhat excavated on each interspace, commencing above the upper branch of sub-costal nervure and ending a little before the inner angle ; discal spot round, often duplex, pale orange ; fringes pink and 3'ello\v. Under side of primaries either of same shade as above, or deeper, the apical area sometimes orange-tinted ; the costal margin dusted with brown ; the discal spot bhick with yellow central point or streak, but occasionally this streak is pink or is silver white ; both wings have an extra discal series of small fer- ruginous or brown patches, or clusters of scales, which lies parallel with the hind margins, and on primaries curves at the apex, so that the upper two clusters fall on the edge of the costal margin, l)ut often the series is partly, and sometimes almost wholly, wanting. Secondaries usually either pale yellow or reddish-orange, and more or less dusted with brown ; at the outer angle a ferruginous or brown patch, and a small COLIAS II.. III. pink patch at base of wing ; the discal spot usually duplex, there being one large round silvered spot, and a small one, either with or witliout silver, in the direc- tion of the outer angle, each edged narrowly with dark ferruginous, outside ■which is a broad ring either of pale ferruginous, or of deep yellow dusted with ferruginous ; these rings usually confluent ; the silver scales partially replaced by pink ; costal edge of primaries and fringes of both wings pink. Bodv above covered with greenish-yellow hairs, the collar dull red ; under side yellow : legs pink : palpi yellow, reddish above and at tip ; antenna> brownish- red above, pink below ; club brown, ferruginous at tip. Female. — Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side usualh" of a brighter yellow than the male, but often green-tinted ; the marginal border of primaries broad, inclosing a series of ^-ellow patches, the one on the upper median interspace usuallv wanting ; secondaries have the bor- der sometimes nearly as broad as primaries, and in that case it partially incloses vellow patches ; but most often it is narrow, and sometimes is reduced to a slight blackening of the upper half of the margin, or even to small clusters of scales at the ends of the nervules ; discal spots as in the male ; under side as in the male, varvino- in same manner both as to shades of color and degree of irroration. Albixo, alwaAs female. Color greenish-white, mai'ked as in the type. In- dividuals are occasionally met, the upper sides of which are of a .shade between greenish-white anreeding-cage. I have succeeded better when inclosing them in covered glass vessels, changing the leaves frequently. This tendency to drop at the least disturl)ance the larvie retain till maturity, aiid it is naturally their sufficient pro- tection against enemies or destruction. They lie exposed on the upper surface of the clover leaf, and resemble its color closely. When first from the egg, each makes for itself a hole in the leaf, and feeds at the edges of this for several days (Figs, c, f/,), but as it increases in size, it devours the leaf from the end or side. As the time approaches for the change to chrysalis, the larva seeks the protection of some stem, bit of bark, or fence rail, spins a button of pink silk and a light web over the surface of the object, fastens its anal feet in the one and its forefeet in the other, and hangs with its back curved downward or outward. Gradually the markings of the body become obliterated, lost in uniform green. In this condition the larva rests for some hours, then rousing itself, spins a loop of several threads from the base of the feet on one side to a like point on the other, instinctively knowing just how long to make the threads, and pres- ently, seizing the loop in its jaws, manages to throw it partly over the head, and by a great effort works it entirely over and down the back to the fourth seg- ment, and stops exhausted. Some hours pass without any motion, when suddenly the skin splits on the back of the anterior segments and is rapidly shuflled off, exposing the chrysalis, which rests secure on its girdle of silk. The latest broods of larv;^, or those wliich are caught by cold weather before they have matured, hybernate more or less, and further south this may be the hal)it. Twice I have carried half-grown larv* through the winter. Mr. Mead found hybernating larva? inactive under boards, in the month of May, in Illinois. COLIAS TI., TTI. It is prohalilc tluit in sonu- disti'iets, and especially in tlu' more southern States, the l>iitti'illy also sometimes hvbernates, as Edusa and IhjaU are said to do in Euro]H". On 12th December ISTo. I saw a male Philodice on the wing at (Joal- hurgh. long after we had snfleri'd from severe frosts and cold weather, and when all butterllies seemed to havi' disapjteared. In the Can. Ent. VI.. ]). '.'L'. Mr. ('ou|)('r notices some pecnliarities in Philo- dice on Anticosti. He .says : " 1 took a few specimens last July. It is a rare butterliv on the island, where its hai)its dift'er from those found at Quebec. It is ditticidt to capture. Its flight is rapid and continuous during the occasional hours of its aj)pearance, ami it is only towards the end of July, when the weather becomes cold, that it can easily be approached. AVhen it alights on a llower. instead of being erect on its feet, it lies sideways, as if to receive the warmth of the sun." -Mr. lieakirt. in his paper on Coloradan lUittei'tlies, Proc. Ent. Soc. VI.. p. lo5, mentions J^h'dodlce as having been taken in Colorado by Mr. Ridings. This State was thoroughly explored by Mr. Mead, in 1871, and "since that time large collections of l)ntterllies have ])een made by the naturalists of Lieutenant Wheel- er's expeditions, and no examples have l)een taken which can confulently be referred to P/i'dodlce. though a near related species is found, the same which Mr. Reakirt had before him. Mr. Mead agrees with me as to the distinctness of this .species from PliUodUc. A very interesting ColUix was brought from ('ape Breton island, in 187"). Ijy Mr. Roland Thaxter. and was described l)y Mr. Scudder in the Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Mist., Oct., 1875, as a variety of Philodice, under the name oi Laurentina. It is allied to ])0th Pelldne and Philodice, and. in my opinion, is neartn- the former, and may have originated in hybridism between the two. But it plainly breeds true to its present type, for besides tlu' many individuals taken liy Mr. Thaxter, it has occasionally been taken on the mainland, as stated by Mr. Scudder. I re- gard it therefore as a triic .•species, quite as much so as either of its presumed or possible parents. Although Philodice is figured in Stephens, in Swainson, and in Humphreys and Westwood, as having been taken in England, Mr. West-wood remarks that '' its claim to be regarded as indigenous is still denied by several of our principal Entomologists." Stephens speaks of five specimens as having been seen by him in cabinets, and says that " till last summer, it does not appear to have been captured in England for upwards of forty years." It seems to me not improbable, in view of the trade, especially in timber, between Canada and England, that chrysalids of this Imttei-fly may occasionally be carried across the sea. In this way chrysalids of Cuban butterflies have been brought to New York on sugar or molasses lioi!;sheads, as I have verified. ^v. ,-SKSi f r^> \ 1-' ■ ^ >'-> ^^ Drawii by War/ ppart L bower. Col EURYTHEME. Form ARIADNE 1,2^39 Vars A4,5c^,B6d. „ KEEWAYDIN 7 6 Form EURYTHEME 8 c^ a Ei/Q mnqrufip-d e Larva after 4"'- mmilt inai/nif"' b Larva I yomtfj i .. '''•'''■' 'nature u, Vai- . d „ .. jr.'' ,. COLIAS IV. COLIAS EURYTHEME, 1—8. CoHas Euri/IJinne, Boisiluval. EURYTIIEMK, Bois., Ann. Soc. Knt. Fr., Ser. 2, X., p. 286. Eilwanis, But. N. A., I., p. 43, j.l. 14. Amjilddufia, Bois., 1. c, p. 286. Eilusa, Bois. and Lee, p. 59. Ediixa, var. Californica, Menetries, Enum. Corp. Aniin. Mus. Petr., p. 80. KEEWAYDIN, E.Iwanls, But. N. A., I., p. 47, pi. 15. Cliri/sntheme, Bois. ami Lee, p. 62. AWADNE, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, IIL, p. 12. - ■ . EURYTHEME, form ARIADNE. Male. — Expands from 1.3 to l.G inch. Upper pide liright lemon-yellow ; on primaries an orange patch extend.-* from inner margin to median nervnre, or a little beyond, sometimes very pale and a mere tint on the yellow ground, but usually of decided color, and gradually passing into yellow beyond the middle of the disk ; secondaries sometimes slightly tinted, but most often wholly yellow ; the marginal borders very nar- row, scarcely half as wide as in Keewaydtn. Under side of secondaries greenish-yellow thickly dusted with brown scales ; the discal spots duplex, a large and a small silver spot, each edged by ferruginous and placed on a large patch of pink-ferruginous. Female. — Expands 1.6 to 1.8 inch. The orange shade is restricted to a patch on primaries, as in the male ; sec- ondaries are greenish-yellow, much dusted, and often over the whole surface ; the marginal border of primaries narrow, and but partly inclosing the submar- ginal spots; sometimes it is restricted to a mere edging, and there is no trace of the spots, unless at apex, where they may be indistinctly outlined ; under side of secondaries pale greenish-yellow, thickly dusted ; the discal spot as in the male. Ariadne is distinguished by its small size, resti'icted orange patch on primaries, and frequent absence of orange on secondaries ; the narrowness of the borders ; by the greenish hue of under side of secondaries and the heavy dusting, and by COLIAS IV. the magnitude of the cliscal spot with its ferruginous rings and jxatch. This is the typical character, but there are intergrades connecting this form with Kee- waydin. EURYTHEME. Egg. — Length .06 inch ; narrow, fusiform, tapering evenly from the middle to either extremity, the base broad, the summit pointed; ribbed longitudinally and crossed by numerous striae ; color buff-white when first deposited, after one or two days changing to crimson, and near the close of the stage to black. (Fig. a.) The larva emerged after six days in August, nine days in September. Young Larva. — Length, .05 inch; cj-lindrical, of even diameter to eleventh segment, each segment several times creased, and on the ridges thus formed many black points, from which spring white hairs ; color dark brown or choco- late ; head obovoid, granulated, dark brown. (Fig. h.) Duration of this stage in August two days, in September five. After first moult: length .125 inch; shape as before ; body covered with mi- nute black tubercles, disposed on the ridges so as to form both longitudinal and transverse rows, each tubercle sending out a white hair ; color dull green, head obovoid, dai'k brown. To next moult in August five days, in September four- teen days. After second moult : length .28 inch ; color dark green ; tuberculated as be- fore ; pilose ; head as before. (Fig. c.) To next moult in August six days, in September seven days. After fourth moult : length .56 inch, color darker green, but varying, some examples having the sides only dark, the dorsum yellowish, the sub-dorsal stripe sometimes wanting, but usually more or less defined ; at the posterior end of each .segment from -3 or 4 to 10 or 11, it becomes thickened, forming a distinct spot rather, while elsewhere it is fixint ; many examples show a red streak on each of these spots, and not nnfrequently there is a black dot exactly under the feebly-defined, fragmentary line of greenish-white ; head obovoid, yellow-green. (Fig. d.) To next moult in August five days, in October ten days. After third moult : length, .45 inch ; cylindrical, long and slender ; color dark green ; tuberculated and pilose as before ; at base of body now appears a white stripe through which runs a crimson line, and under this stripe are black semi- circular or ovate spots, sometimes only seen on segments 3 to 6, but usually from 3 to 11, diminishing in size posteriorly ; in some examples these .spots are wanting; at the beo-inning of this stage there is no indication of a sub-dorsal line, but presently appears a line paler than the ground, which gradually changes into a white spot on segments 5 to 10. (Fig. e.) To maturity in August seven days. COLIAS IV. With the later brood of hirva) this period was greatly protracted by the cold weather, reaching twenty days and more. Mature Larva. — Length 1.1 to 1.2 inch; cylindrical, of even thickness, tajjering on the last segments ; each segment several times creased, and on the ridges so formed are numerons tine papillae, mostly white but many black, and each sending out a fine, short, white hair ; color dark green ; at base of body a band of pure white through which runs a bright crimson line from segments 2 to 11, almost continuous, seen faintly on 13 ; and beneath this band from 3 to 12 is a large semicircular or semi-ovate black spot on each segment, the ante- rior ones largest, the rest diminishing gradually ; on the edge of dorsal area is a faint whitish line, thickened at the posterior end of each segment so as to pre- sent well-defined white spots ; next above the white line is one of crimson, broken on each segment, and usually well-defined only just above and near the white spots ; beneath these last, on the last ridge of each segment from 5 to 10 is a black dot ; under side, feet and legs pale green ; head obovoid, pale or yellow green. There is much variation in the mature larva with respect to the sub- dorsal lines. 1 have seen no living example in which they are wholly absent, but I have an alcoholic one received from Mr. Dodge in which there is no trace whatever of these lines, and the larva looks like that of Ph'dodice. So I have a carefully drawn and colored figure from the late Dr. H. K. Hayhurst, which shows no trace of these lines. (Fig. e.) On the other hand, one in alcohol from Mr. Dodge shows a broad, continuous white stripe, like that at base, only a trifle narrower. Mr. Bean says, " The glass showed the upper line to be white, edged with yellow only, there l)eing no trace of red whatever, but the day after, the line was unmistakaljly margined with confused crimson and yellowish." I re- ceived a number of larvae in their last stages from Mr. Bean, and my notes read, " In some, the white, crimson, and black of upper band are distinct ; some have no trace of the black, some neither of black or crimson ; and in some the white line fades till nothing remains but the thickened end on each segment, and this may be represented by a dot or minute spot only." (Figs, e, e^, e'".) Chrysalis. — Length .85, breadth .09, greatest depth .11 inch; compressed laterally, the thorax prominent, abdomen tapering, mesonotum rounded, head case pointed ; color of anterior part and of Aving cases dark green, of abdo- men ' yellow-green ; a light buff stripe on either side of abdomen from the end of wing cases to extremity, and on the ventral side of this stripe, a demi-band of dark brown ; between the stripe and band three black dots, one on each seg- ment ; on the wins; cases there is a submarg-inal row of black dots, one on each interspace, and on middle of the disk is a small black spot. (Fig./.) Duration of this stage in September fifteen days. Of the later brood the periods varied, the COLIAS IV. shortest reaching twentj-five days. These as well as their larvse were kept in a warm room. The present species traverses a vast extent of territory, embracing all of the United States west of the Mississippi River, besides a considerable area to the east, and an undefined portion of British America as well as of Mexico. This region covers 40° of longitude and upwards of 30° of latitude, and presents every variety of surface and climate. To the southward, the summer is pro- longed and the winter short and mild ; at the north the reverse of this is the fact, but on the plains of Texas or the prairies of Illinois, on the elevated pla- teaus of Colorado, or in the secluded valleys throughout the Rocky Mountains, and over the Sierras to the Pacific, the species is equally at home and is every- where abundant. It occupies with PMlodice the whole of the United States and much of British America, and like that species, which it resembles in every respect but in color, it is subject to great and extreme variation, there being no feature whether of size or ornamentation that is not unstable. In Vol. I., I gave such history of Eurytheme and Keewcvjdm as I was then able, but since those brief relations were printed, and indeed, within the past three years, by repeated breeding from the egg, together with careful and extended observations in the field, in many localities, it is rendered certain that we are dealing with a bi- formed and triformed species, and that Ariadne, Keewaydin, and Eurytheme are but so many seasonal manifestations of it. Also, that in some districts the species is not seasonally polymorphic, but is simply a variable one, like Philo- dice: This Colias is not found in West Virginia, nor have I ever seen it alive, but I have been aided by several friends in the eflbrt to learn its full history : by Mr. Dodge, of Glencoe, Nebraska, who has raised several lots of larvie from summer females, and sent me the resulting butterflies ; by Mr. Bean, of Galena, Illinois, from whom I received larvae of the last brood of butterflies of the year, and so was enabled myself to follow the several changes. Mr. Bean has also given me full notes of all the stages of larvae raised by him at same time, and of summer larvae besides, and a tabulated statement showing the forms of this species taken by him in the field, with dates of capture. Mr. Worthington, at Chicago, has sent me a similar table. Mr. Mead has furnished notes from his experiences in Colorado and California in 1871, and besides this, I had the opportunity of ex- amining all the specimens collected by him. And Mr. Henry Edwards has sent many examples and records of his captures and obsei'vations in California and elsewhere on that coast. He has also published a valuable paper on the Coliades in the Proceedings of the California Academy, Vol. VI., 1877, of which I have availed myself. Finally, Mr. Boll, of Dallas, Texas, has sent a paper read by COLIAS IV. him at Leipzig, upou Dimorphic species of Lepidoptera in America, in which C Eurytheme is discussed at lengtli. Mr. Boll has, in addition, given me a series of examples of the several forms of the species to. illustrate his paper. Kenvaydia was originally separated as a species from examples received prin- cipally from Texas and Mississippi. Large nunibei's from Texas were of this form, while from Mississippi all received were of the form Eurytheme. These last were taken late in the season, but the significance of that fact, I, of course, could not then apprehend. \\\ California, Mr. Edwards and Dr. Behr were con- fident that two distinct species existed, Keewuydin flying early and the other late in the season. This w'as long ))efore anything was known to us of seasonal dimorphism in butterflies, and before any knowledge whatever bearing upon this phenomenon or even of simple dimorphism had been gained by breeding from the egg. At the time, the late Mr. B. D. Walsh, living at Rock Island, Illinois, in correspondence with me, strenuously combatted the idea of two species, asserting that it was a case of variation as in PhUodlce, and that all the varieties were flying at the same time, and must be from the same brood. Tiiis he gave as the result of twelve years' femiliarity with the species. Mr. Walsh was undoubtedly right as regarded the district he had collected in. I received from Mr. Dodge, 10th June, 1870, several larvi^ nearly mature, but they had suffered from want of food on the journey and but one lived to make chrysalis. This gave butterfly 17th June, Keewayd'ui i. In 1877, Mr. Dodge sent me three butterfhes, 2S 19, all undoubted Keeioaydin, which had emerged from chrysalis early in July, from eggs laid by 9 Keeioaydin, 4th June. And he also sent eleven butterflies, oS 6?, from eggs "laid by 9 Keewaydm, 18th July, 1877, and which emerged from chrysalis between 15th and 20th August, and of these butterflies, 4(? 39 are Eurytheme, 1y Mr. Dodge as fresh from chrysalis were evi- COLIAS IV. dentlj from hybernating larva^. That hybernatiou takes place in larval stage in some districts is unquestionable. Mr. Boll writes me, 8th April, 1878 : " When I caught the first specimen of Ariadne, in February of this year, in Archer County, Texas, on the same day I found a full grown caterpillar and a chrysalis, under stones, both which produced Ariadne.''' The account Mr. lioll gives in his Leipzig paper is in substance as follows : The species begins its flight, in Texas, in November, and throughout the winter it is to be seen fresh from chrysalis, in warm days. It is common in March, rarer in May, and totally disappears in June. The larva feeds on Trifolium .stolonilerum, running Buffido Clover, which attains its greatest luxuriance and blossoms in April and May. and dies off before the appearance of the last June butterflies. It does not .spring up again till the advent of the Octoljcr rains. As before stated, tlie butterflies appear in November, and during the rest of the season larvaj and butterflies are taken at the same time. It is the opinion of Mr. Boll that the eggs laid in June do not develop, owing to lack of food, till the summer is past. (I apprehend that if there is any retardation it must be with the larva\) There are four amuial l)roods of this species and the first, or winter brood, appearing from November to end of February, is Ariadne. The prevailing form in March is Keeivaydin, an example of Ariadne being then rarely seen. From April to June the form is what Mr. Boll in this paper calls Eurythenie, but his April and Ma}' examples of the series sent me are what Mr. Bean callathe intermediate form, an intergrade leading lo Eurytheme. Mr. Boll says: "If we compare the specimens we find a steady increase in intensity of color from April to June ; the orange-red becomes more fiery and extends in the male over the whole upper surface of secondaries, leaving yellow only the costal margin of prinuiries, while the black marginal band becomes broader and broader. Through the influence of the sun tlie whole orange upper side becomes iridescent. Avith a violet hue, as in the European species, C. Myr- midone. This is particularly noticeable during life, and is very brilliant, but grad- ually fades in dried specimens. The whole under side changes from greenish- yellow to deep yellow." This is the typical Eurytheme. Mr. Boll adds: ''The effect of temperature is in perfect harmony with the steady increase in size and intensity of color." This is the result of field observation, and though breeding from the egg might show that the members of the series were not quite so sharply defined in all cases, it is clear that there is a regular succession of forms, and that there is no such intermixture as appears to the northward. The but- terflies of the fourth, or late summer brood, and which are typical Eurytheme, do not hybernate. The length of the warm season admits of the layijig of eggs by this brood, after which the butterflies die, as do all butterflies shortly after COLIAS IV. laying eggs. To make sure that I was stating the fact in this particuhar, I questioned Mr. Boll particularly as to the hybernation of both Eurytheme and Keewaydin, and he writes in reply, " I never saw specimens of the bright orange, or late summer type of this species later than the first days of November, and these were always much worn. I never saw Eeewaydin flying between Novem- ber and May." In another letter Mr. Boll states that any worn individuals seen at the close of winter are Ariadne, and in March these are taken in copulation with Ariadne fresh from chrysalis. I received from Mr. Boll in April, 1878, 2 /dbi. And at cer- tain levels throughout the State the upland races come in contact with the low- land, — the digoneutic, practically limited to a single form, meeting the poly- goneutic and polymorphic race ; and by the consequent cross-breeding the thorough separation of the lowlanders into seasonally distinct forms is inter- rupted and can never become so definite as on the vast plains which occupy Texas, and the regions to the immediate north and south of it. (See Note.) IV. In Texas and the regions adjoining there are no inequalities of sui'face snfiicient to affect the general result, and this species has for ages been subject to the most favorable climatic and geographic conditions for the development of polymorphism. There are lour annual broods, the earliest, flying from November to February, consisting of Ariadne, the next of Keeicaydin, the third of an inter- grade, and the last of Eurytheme, the separation being marked. If either form appears in any degree out of its season, it is not in sufficient numbers to invali- date the rule. The species here is truly polymorphic and seasonally so. Keeicai/din, throughout the range of the species, is the most constant of the three forms,"and I should consider it the winter form and therefore tiie primitive. But where tlie species is polygon eutic, a second winter form, Ariadne, has arisen, and in some districts where it is di- or tri-goneutic, an intermediate variety, strongly tending towards this second winter form, sometimes manifests itself. The case is much as in Papilio Ajax, which has one summer form 3Iarcclhcs, l)ut two winter forms, Tclamonidca and Wal>ihii, the first the primary, the other sec- ondary. Application of cold to chrysalids of any of the forms of Ajax causes Telamonides to appear, and similar experiments made with chrysalids of this Colias will be apt to show which is the original winter form. The resemblance between Eunjtlieme and Philodice I have spoken of, and probably every variet}' and sub-variety of each form of the first of these species can be paralleled in the other, color alone excepted. The variety of Philodice shown on Plate III., of Colias, Figs. 2, 3, corresponds with Ariadne; Figs. 1, 2, Plate II., correspond with the typical Eurytheme. Even the appearance of the dog's head, characteristic of Colias Ccesonia, and not unfrequently to be seen in the female of Eurytheme, occasionalh^ appears in Philodice. Albinic females ajj- pear in every brood as in Philodice. In that species these females are as com- mon in the eai'ly spring brood as in any of the later ones, although the contrary has been stated by authors ; and judging from the number of albinos received by me from many quarters, the same is true of Eurytheme. The larvce of Eurytheme and Philodice are scarcely, if at all, distinguishable COLIAS IV. in the earlier stages, and in the later are often just as much alike. But many larvse of the former have developed a second lateral band, making the species at this stage polymorphic. The close resemblance extends also to eggs and chrysa- lids. In the notes to Philodice, I have recorded instances of hybridism between the two. The larval food plants are also the same. The larvte of Eivry theme which I have received, and which were stated to have been fed on plants not found here at Coalburgh, fed as readily on red clover as do the larva? of Pldlo- dice. 'Philodice is nowhere a polymorphic species, but everywhere a variable one. Its varieties are not separable, but are so thoroughly intermingled that any fe- male of any brood of the year may not unlikely discover in its j^i'ogeny the ex- tremes and all shades of variation. And in the Rock}^ Mountains, and in the Mississippi Valley, where Eurytheme is but two and three brooded, the two principal forms of the species are intermingled as in Philodice. In these districts it is a variable species. But in Texas, where the length of the warm season permits the species to become many brooded, it is seasonally polymorphic. The explanation of this difference I conceive to be this : at the north, more or less of the fall butterflies hybernate, as also do larvae from eggs laid by some of the females of the fall brood, the latter producing butterflies in the spring and while the hybernators are still flying. The series begins, therefore, in the spring with all the forms or varieties of the butterfly which are found in the district, and cross-breeding occurs then and all the season through. But'in Texas, the butterflies of September lay eggs, and the lai'Vifi from these feed, and more or less of them matui-e and reach the chrysalis stage, or even the imago, before cold weather comes ; while others, though torpid dur- ing cold weather, are active upon the advent of every fine day, and so feed and mature at intervals throughout the winter months. The butterflies which have emerged in the early part of the winter are typical Ariadne, and a large pro- portion live in a state of semi-hybernation, according as the season permits, and are on the wing in February. Those which emerge late in the winter are mostly of the same type, Avith an occasional variety. (Var. A.) The series in the spring, therefore, begins with Ariadne alone and not with the three forms of the species, for two of them have been left far behind. They lived long enough in the au- tumn to perpetuate the species through the form Ariadne, and nature had no further use for them. Eggs laid in the spring by Ariadne produce Keewaydin, which in its turn is followed by Eurytheme, just as P. Telamotiides is followed by Marcellus. It seems to me that if Marcellus hybernated in the imago and bred with Telamonides or Walshii in the spring, the result would be a variable species, — at any rate, not one seasonally dimorphic. COLIAS IV. In thu lowhmds of" California, the species is apparently also tour-brooded, and we are assured that hybernated examples of the two sunnner forms are seen fly- ing in early spring. These may be supposed to be belated individuals of the last brood of the summer, for those of the same brood which earliest emerge must have laid their eggs, and the larva) must have gone on to maturity, just as in Texas, producing Ariadne. And the number of these lu'bernating butterflies must be too few to neutralize the influence of Ariadne in the succeeding; brood, which Mr. Edwards tells us is made up of Kecicaydin. That this last named form appears in all subsequent broods, and Ariadne to some degree, may be attributed to the configuration of the country, compelling the hill races to inter- mingle with those of the valleys. In the lowlands there is evidently a strong tendency to seasonal polymorphism, but in the later lu'oods of the year this is somewhere neutralized or interfered with. Keewaydin is the form which has frequently been assumed to be identical with Ckrysotheme, and of which Dr. BoLsduval, in the '■ Icones," says:- '-It is found in May in districts of temperate America. Individuals from this part of the world are as large as Udusa." In the Lopid. de I'Ain. Sept., Dr. Boisduval says of Ckrysotheme that it is found in the neighborhood of New York. Prof. P. C. Zeller, Ent. Zeit., 1874, p. 430, in a x'eview of my A'ol. I., says : " Certainly some of the species designated may be reduced to well-known European ones. Thus I can assert Kecicaydin to be nothing but our Ckrysotheme, of which I my- self have taken a male at Vienna, with so little orange on the inner half of the wing borders that a North American could scarcely distinguish it among a number of Keewaydin. If Keewaydin and (Jhrysotkeine are really the same species, we may well say that species vary much more in North America than in Europe. EurytJieme $ is sometimes no larger than our Myrmidone, to which it is besides very similar, though they cannot belong to the same species, as the latter pos- sesses a glandular spot, which Eury theme does not." I conclude from this that Professor Zeller accepted Eiirytkeme as a good species, but believed Keewaydin to be the same as Ckrysotkeme, and was surprised at the degree of variation mani- fested by it. I express no opinion on the present identity of the two species through the form Keewaydin, )jut if the latter was the primitive form on this continent, it may have peopled the old woi"ld before it became polymorphic in this, and the present representatives on both continents have come fi'om one stock. As to whether they are distinct species now, much light would be gained if the life history of the European Ckrysotheme was followed out by lepidopter- ists in its territory. I have exerted myself in vain to obtain eggs, or larva?, or drawings of its several larval stages, and I am not aware that either drawing, or proper description of these stages exists. COLIAS IV. I have received a letter from Dr. James S. Bailey of Albany, N. Y., stating that in the autmiin of 1876 he took what he supposed to be Keewaydin within five miles of Albany ; and in Vol. VII., Canadian Entomologist, 1875, Mr. C. W. Pearson of Montreal, Canada, mentions taking an Eurytheme fresh from chrysalis. The butterfly figured on Plate of Keewaydin, in Vol. I., as No. 7, supposed to be a variety of that species, is regarded b}' Mr. Henry Edwards as distinct, and has recently been described by him as C. Harfordii. Note. — After the foregoing pages were in type, I received letters from Mr. Mead, in California, passages from which well illustrate the extreme differences in climate in that State, and the effect upon insect life. " Yo Semite, June 10, 1878. Up the watercourse behind the hotel. I found quite a snow-bank remaining, and near it the plants had hardly more than budded. One clump of a certain bush was in full blossom on the side towards the ravine, and was loaded with nearly ripe fruit on the other side. This state of things, of course, causes a succession of fresh individuals among the butterflies, so that spring and summer broods cannot be well defined from e.ach other where they e.xist." June 16. "The snow lies in large patches in the high- lands still, and the willows are just putting forth their catkins. In ten d.iys or two weeks there ought to be something to collect up there." At Gl.acier Point, in the s.ame region, Mr. Mead notices that by a few tlut- terings of the wing, a butterfly may drop two thousand feet or more perpendicular, and arrive at a wholly different climate. From Tallac Point, Lake Tahoe, on the eastern boundary line of California, August 4 : " Tallac Peak, on the south side of the lake, is exceedingly precipitous, and the snow lies in great banks in the ravines all sum mer long. On the north side, however, the mountain slopes with a comparatively gentle inclination, and is overgrown with bunch grass, in many pl.aces even to within one or two hundred y.ards of the summit. Part way up the mountain I tooK Pyrameis Cari/e, a butterfly found abundantly throughout the lowlands and even in the tropics. This region is said not to have very intensely cold winters, but the snow falls in enormous quantities — twenty feet deep on a level — so that the ranches, except some on the lake shore, are entirely deserted in winter, the farmers moving with their cattle to the lowlands, where pasturage is good." ISJMIM'^Q'Mm^ JLo >^<.< \i\ WWj. ":'HAFaTONIA^l 2 / 3y;4.5 6,vars. )i /'.i/i/. a • iiiian/)ii,-. /uil/i //i(i,/;ii/}r,/ . // // /,'iivii , i/iiiimj ((>:."''' iiunill ^ .. :r:' /' ■> llhllUli- . (f r/^ I'lirt/u'dn; HELICON I A I. HELICONIA CHARITOMA. Heliconia Charilonia, Linn., Syst. N:it., II., p. 757. Cramer, II., pi. lOl. Fill)., Eiit. .Svst., III., p. 170. Boi.s. and Lee. j). 140, pi. 41. 'Male. — Expands from 2.5 to 4 inches. Ujiper .side black, l)an(le(l with lemon-yellow ; primaries have an obliqne, trn,ns- verse, narrow apical band ; a second from costa crosses the disk and ends on upper branch of median nervure. a little short of liind margin ; a third, starting • from base, follows median, lying on l)oth sides of it, makes an elbow at lower branch of same, and runs with this, along the anterior side, nearly to margin. Secondaries have a broad band from inner margin near base across cell nearly to outer angle, and beyond this a transverse row of yellow spots curving with the margin at outer angle, the anterior ones small, the others oblong or rectan- gular, individuals differing ; along the posterior half of hind margin yellow points, in pairs, on the interspaces ; at base two bright red spots or points, the lower one sometimes wanting ; fringes black, yellow in the interspaces of sec- ondaries, and at inner angle of primaries ; and somewhat, but irregularly, to- ward apex. The yellow bands are sometimes partly suffused or dusted with red. Under side brown ; costa of primaries next base bright red ; the bands repeated, the mesial and lower one extended to hind margin, or very nearly, and next this margin suffused with salmon color ; individuals vary in the color of the bands ; some have the lower one as bright as on upper side, the others paler ; .some have all three of same shade, pale yellow ; and not infrequently the two upper ones are washed at each extremity with diluted salmon-red. Secondaries have the band repeated, pale yellow ; at the outer end of same two large salmon-colored patches, almost confluent ; the row of spots repeated, but the outer half are whitish, the rest deep yellow ; the marginal dots are en- larged to spots, and the pairs run from outer to inner angle and up inner margin ; on this margin between the band and spots are two red spots, and two others at ba.se. IIELICONIA I. Body above l)lack ; beneath, the thorax blaek with an obhque yellow side stripe; a yellow maeular stripe on side of abdomen and two yellow lines below; the edges of the segments more or less yellow : luulei' side pale salmon eolor ; a red spot on either side of abdomen next the wings; tour yellow spots aeross thorax and a bar lyehind them ; two rows of four small yellow spots baek of the head; legs blaek with dull yellow scales, the aborteil pair bright yellow; i)alpi ^■ello^v with many long blaek hairs in front, the upper side at tip blaek ; antenu;u and club black. Femalk. — Expands 4 to "> inches; similar in color anrect, the rest recurved ; of the side rows, both large and HELICONIA I. small, the hairs to inclusive are bent forward, the rest liack. and all are de- pressed ; color pale reddish-brown, like fresh cut cork ; legs and feet same ; head obovoid, a little paler in color than the body; a few scattered black hairs over surface ; ocelli black. (Fig. b.) To first moult two to three days. After first moult: length .22 inch; cylindrical, nearly even, the segments a little roLuided ; color light brown, changing, as the stage proceeds, to greenish- white, mottled with bi'own ; armed with six rows of spines, one sub-dorsal, one middle, and one infra-stigmatal (arranged as desci'ibed under mature larva); the.se spines are short, slender, and tapering, Ijlack, with a few short black bristles on the sides; on second .segment a chitinous dorsal jjatch with hairs; feet and legs brown ; head obovoid, truncated, a little depressed at the suture, the ver- tices low, rounded, and on each a short, tapering, blunt, black process, thinly beset with bristles. (Fig. c, r, head spine f\) To next moult two days. After second moult: lengtii .5 incli ; color dull white, uiottliMl or spotted with yellow-brown; under .side brown; the spines long, shar[) ; head as before the spines longer, directed forward, a little recurved. (Fig. d.) To next moult two days. iVfter third moult : length .7 incli ; slender, whiter than before, but green- tinted ; dorsal spines .1 inch long, upper laterals .()',) inch, lower .07 inch; head greenish-yellow, the processes like the body sjiint-s, .08 inch long. (Fig. e.) To next moult three days. After fourth moult: lengtii 1 inch, and in three days reached maturity. jvI.\TUi!r. Larva. — Length 1.25 to 1.5 incii ; cylindrical, slender, nearly of even size from 2 to 12, the segments a little rounded ; color dead white, with no gloss, smooth, with no hairs; spotted with black or black-brown, the spots dis- posed in cross rows, two of which are back of the spines and one on the extreme anterior end of the segment; mostly rounded or oval, but those on medio-dor.sal line are half-oval except the spots on the posterior edges of the segments, which are triangular ; these spots form one dorsal row and two on either side ; over the basal ridge, on 4 to 11, is a brown patch covering the adjacent edges of the seg- ments ; another patch covers each spiracle ; under side reddish-brown with a green tint ; segment 2 has a dorsal chitinous bar divided in middle, and on either part are two black tul)ercles with hairs ; the body furnished with six rows of spines, two sub-dorsal, one on middle of each side, and one infra-stigmatal ; the dorsals run from 3 to 13 ; the upper laterals from 5 to 13, the lower from 5 to 12 ; and between 2 and 3, 3 and 4, in line with upper laterals, is a spine ; the spines of the four upper rows are straight and erect, but those of the lower row are turned down and a little recurved ; all are alike, shining Idack, small at base, tapering to a sharp point, and about each are from -3 to 7 short black bristles HELICONIA I. irregularly placed ; the dorsals measure .2 inch, the 1st laterals .17, the lower .14 inch, and there is little variation in the length of the spines of each row ; legs brown, tipped black, pro-legs brown, with a black spot on the side of each; head obovoid, rounded in front, truncated, a little depressed at the suture, the vertices but little elevated, rounded ; color greenish-white, vitreous; on either side the suture on mid-front a round black spot ; the ocelli black on a small black patch ; mandibles black ; on each vertex a black spine nearly like those of the body, but less tapering and more blunt, .12 inch long, directed forward at about 45% and a little recurved. (Fig./,/^^'^ ^) As the larva approaches suspension the spots change to brown, and the white becomes dull and sordid. Twelve hours after suspension, pupation takes place. Chrysalis. — Length to top of head .95 inch, to end of processes on head 1.1 inch ; slender, compressed laterally, the thoracic segments on ventral side highly arched and rounded abruptly down to alxlomen ; the sides of this elevation covered entirely by the wing cases, sloping, almost tlat or a little convex, the two wing cases not quite meeting, but separated by a narrow depressed ridge, on either side of which is a row of small bead-like tubercles, each giving out at top a short sharp In-istle or thorn ; this ridge widens anteriorly so as to include the an- tennae cases, and the rows of beads pass along and around head case to its top on the dorsal side, but for a little distance at the base of the antenufe lose their bris- tles ; head case prominent, compressed transversely, nearly square at top ; upon each vertex a narrow leaf-like pi'ocess, lanceolate, flattened and thin, serrated on both edges, divergent, like horns ; mesonotum prominent, compressed at top into a thin carina which rises on the anterior part in a douljle curve to a sharp point, but on the posterior side slopes at about 45° ; followed by a rounded excavation considerably longer than the mesonotmn itself ; abdomen cylindrical ; on the two upper segments a large sub-dorsal, flaring, flattened process rounded irregularly on the edge and completely spanning both segments ; on the next segment is a small sharp rounded process, and on the next another small and flattened ; on the next a sharp tul)ercle, in some cases flattened ; on the tops of all these processes .are thorns, one on each of the smaller, and two on the largest ; in row with these, on the depression and on the sides of mesonotum, are four low conical tubercles, each with a short thorn ; segments 9, 10, 11, in the ventral line, have the ante- rior edges turned up and produced into low divergent points ; at the base of the head case on dorsal side a large burnished gold spot, and the tubercles behind the mesonotum gilded ; general hue brown, in shades ; the anterior parts, which in- cludes head case, mesonotum, and half the wing cases, being light or yellowish ; the rest of wing cases dark, or streaked dark in the interspaces of the wings ; the light part of these cases somewhat gray or whitish ; the processes on head and HELICONIA I. tlie antennse cases are dark ; abdomen varied in longitudinal strealvs, confined to each segment, dark and light brown, with some oblique whitish marks on the ven- tral side. (Figs, g, g''^'*-) Duration of this stage to 7 days. Charitonia is common in parts of Florida, as at Indian River, and is found along the Atlantic coast at least as far northward as Port Royal, S. C. Many years ago, I received examples from Mr. James Postell, St. Sinu;)n's Island, Ga., and was informed that they were confined to one particular locality, a dense tliicket. It is, however, a sub-trojncal species, and it aljounds in the Antilles and Central America. I cannot learn that any record exists of its preparatory stages prior to that given by me in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. xiii., p. 158, 1881. In 1878, 22d Deceml)er, I received from Dr. A. W. Cliapnian, at Apalacliicola, a chrysalis of Charitonia, of which he wrote : " In a flower-[)ot, with a Geranium, sprung up a Passitlora suberosa, a tropical plant, the seeds of wliicli I l>rought from South Florida, in 1875, and liave since cultivated in my garden. About the middle of November, I discovered two caterpillars on the plant, one about one and a half inch long, the other smaller, — white, beset on the segments and headwitli slender black spines. Placing theui in a glass jar, the larger one suspended in two days, the other a week later. Ou Deceuiber 14:tb.tbe last gave l)utterHy, H. Charitonia. The other, wliich I send you, I fear is dead. I suppose they feed on any species of Passitlm-a, of whicli we have two native. Upon these the caterpillars of the few Charitonia seen here must have fed. The pupa is very singular, as you perceive, the ])rojections from the liead reminding one of the horns of some species of scarabuMis. or the claws of a lobster. And then, the golden stripes over the abdominal segments, and the spreading plates behind them ! " I learned froui Dr. Wm. Wittfeld that the buttertiy was common at Indian River, and begged him to make observations on the caterpillars, and, if posslljle, obtain eggs. Thereupon, he set himself to examine carefully the leaves of Passi- flora. but for .some time discovered nothing. At last a female was seen ovipositing on the tender, terminal leaves, and thenceforth there was no difficulty in fiudiug eggs. Females tied in bags over the ends of the stems laid abundantly, and several caterpillars were raised to chrysalis and butterlly. Attempts to get either egn's or caterpillars to me failed by reason of the leaves decayiug in the mails. How- ever, I received caterpillars 30th August, 1880. Eggs had been sent, which hatched, and the caterpillars had passed their second moult when I received them. They throve on leaves of Passiflora coerulea, and the larval stages proceeded with rapidity, scarcely more than two days being required for each. Dr. Wittfeld states that on touching the chrysalis he observed that it gave out a creaking noise, wriggling about at the same time, and this is stated by Dr. Fritz HELICONIA I. Miillei", in a paper on Brazilian butterflies, to be cliaracteristic of the genus Heli- conia. Several butterflies came forth in my room, and one of them was set free in the garflen, placed gently on a tlower of passion-vine. It rested some moments with wings f idly opened and depressed a little below the horizontal, and then rose verticallv some ten feet, circled two or three times, flew slowly towards the woods, and was seen no more. I had a similar experience in 1881 with two others, both rising high and making for the nearest woods. Dr. Wittfeld reports that these butterflies frequent paths in the forest, or are found feeding at a little distance from the forest, to which they at once betake themselves if alarmed, and then fly rapidly, though usually their flight is heavy. Also, that tliey have the habit of gathering in flocks toward night, and roost, always with heads up, to the nmnber of perhaps fifty or more, on Spanish moss, or on dry twigs of trees, especially such as have dead leaves still hanging to them. In the morning, after the sun is well up, they come trooping forth in search of flowers. Tills habit was observed by Philip Henry Grosse, Esq., as is stated in a note in Doubleday's Gene)'a, I., p. 97, and as this work is nearly inaccessible in this coun- try, I repeat Mr. Gosse's remarks : '■ Passing along a rocky foot-path on a steep wooded mountain side, in tlie Parish of St. Elizabeth (Jamaica), about the end of August, 1845, my attention was attracted, just Ijefore sunset, by a swarm of these butterflies in a sort of rocky recess, overhung by trees and creepers. They were about twenty in number, and were dancing to aud fro, exactly in the manner of gnats, or as Hepioli play at the side of a wood. After watching them awhile, I noticed that some of them were restino; with closed wini>;s at the extremities of one or two depending vines. One after another fluttered from the group of dancers to the reposing squadron, and alighted close to the others, so that at length, when only about two or three of the fliers were left, the rest were col- lected in groups of half a dozen each, so close together that each group might have been grasped in the hand. When once one iiad alighted, it did not in gen- eral fly again, but a new-comer, fluttering at tlie group, seeking to find a place, sometimes disturbed one recently settled, when the wings were thrown open, and one or two flew up again. As there were no leaves on the hanging stalks, the appearance presented by the.se beautiful butterflies, so crowded together, their long, erect wings pointing in dift"erent directions, was not a little cinious. I was told by persons residing near, that every evening they thus assembled, and that I had not seen a third part of the numbers often collected in that spot." Mr. Wallace says of the Heliconidtxj in general : " They all rest with their wings erect upon leaves and flowers, and at night 1 have observed them a.sleep, hansrino: at the extreme end of a slender twiiz;, which bends beneath their weiiiht and swiuiis o-entlv with the evening: breeze." IIRLICONIA I. It is well known that species of an allied family, as Danais Arcldppxx, gatlier in great flocks, hut this seems to he only at certain seasons of the year, and then hy day as well as night, and is appai-ently connected with their migrations, which are helieved to be periodical, at least in some districts. But CharUonla assem- l)les for the niiidit oulw and for rest, disnersinu; durinii' the day in search of fooil, o . 'loo. ' after the fashion of our wild pigeons. The family IIeliconid:e eud)races an innnense number of species. Mr. 11. W. Bates, in 18t)l. stated that there were two hundred and eighty-four then known in tropical America. " They are most numerous in those parts of the conntry where the forests are most extensive and the climate most sultry and humid. They are peculiarly creatures of the forest, and like the Plattyrrhine mtmkeys, the arboreal GaHinacoa>, and the other groups of the same region, point to the gradual adaptation of the fauna, during an iunnense lapse of time, to a foi'est- clad country." It has l)een noticed by authors who have treated of this family that the species, althouij'h e.xct'ediu'j'ly abundant in individuals, and of slo\v llight, and conspicuous colors, more easy to be caught by liirds than almost any other insect, are not per- secuted by birds, lizards, or other animals. Mr. l>elt, in '-Naturalist in Nicara- cirua." relates that he had watched a iiair (if birds catchinu' butterflies and dragon- flies, which they brought to their nest to feed their young, and in no case did they catch one of the Ileliconida^ which were in great numbers about, and could have been caught with less trouble than any other.?. Also, that a tame monkey, wdio was extremely fond of insects, and would greedily munch up any beetle or but- terfly given to him, never would eat a Ileliconia. There was no doubt, from lii.s actions, that they were distasteful to him. And this immunity from attack is be- lieved by Mr. Wallace to be owing to a " strong, pungent, semi-aromatic or medi- cinal odor which .sei'uis to pervade all the jwices of their system." Dr. Wittfeld, in ISSI. called my attention to a strange habit of these butter- flies, as follows : '• On May 28th, I observed three Cliarltonlas on a chrysalis of same species in the woods. They were firmly attached, and on trying to drive them off they would not go. I tried repeatedly, and iinally used force, but after flying around a few times they took up their former position, heads down. The next day the same thing occurred, only I noticed that one butterfly at a- time would leave to feed ; force was again used, with the same I'esult as before. The following day. shortly after dawn, only a trifle of empty shell remained. " This observation prompted me to raise another chrysalis, which 1 suspended in a flowering shrub, wliich C'harllonia frecjuented. June 27th. Soon some but- terflies came and touched the chrysalis, but its wriuulinu; seemed to cause them ./ - o o O to move off. Two days before the imago was due, they attached themselves HELICONIA I. again, two or three at a time, and would only yield to force, always returning. On the third day, at daybreak, only a trifling bit of tlie empty shell was left, and the butterflies were all gone." I replied to this, asking how the butterflies attached themselves. Did they actually rest on the chrysalis, holding on Ijy the legs ? Also, was I to under- stand by bits of empty shells remaining, tliat the imagos had come from the two chrysalids ? I suggested, if this last was not what was meant, that perliaps the butterflies had disco%'ered the chrysalids to be dead and decaying and came to them as to carrion. On tliis Dr. Wittfeld agaiu wrote : " In each case the butterfly emerged from the chrysalis. The chrysalis looked natural but was growing darker, and the day before the emerg-inii:, the comiuQ- live insect could, to some extent, be distiu- guished. There was nothing dead or decayed or partly eaten about it. All the legs of the guarding butterflies had firm hold of the clirysalis, and it required a little effort to remove them with the fingers. They sat firmly, not lightly upon it. To frighten them off did no good, it required force to remove them. After having been picked off they did not stay long away, but flyiug around a few times (I having removed to some distance), returned to the chrysalis and attached themselves to it just as they had done before." I wrote Dr. Wittfeld. urging him to try again, and especially to ascertain whether the free butterflies and the imago in the chrjsalis were always of oppo- site sexes or not, and whether females were attracted to a chrysalis in any case. I received his further report, as follows: "With regard to tlie clirysalis found May 28th, of which I wrote you, I add, that there was found hy me on the ground, on the morning the butterfly emerged, a female with wings but jiartly expanded, yet paired with a perfect male. Also, when I discovered that the but- terfly had come from the second chrysalis, that of June 27th, I found a similarly undeveloped female on the ground near by, paired with a free male. I lifted both and placed them on a twig. The male flew off in course of two hours, but the female remained, though a cripple and unable to move. " After receiving your letter, for a long time I could obtain neither eggs nor caterpillars of Chnritonla, but at last, near the end of September, I hung out a chrysalis. A heavy rain storm setting in, no butterflies were flying that evening, and next day, six A. M., I found the empty shell of the chrysalis and imago gone. On October 1st, I suspended another chrysalis. Soon a number of butterflies ap- peared, flying around and touching it. None however attached themselves to it as in previous observations. I caught one after another of these butterflies, as they came, and put them in a bag. Aljout eleven o'clock, the imago came from the chrysalis, and as it clung to the empty shell, au occasional free Initterflj HELICONIA I. would alight by it or fly about it. On examination this imago proved to be a male, and so did the captured butterflies. "At the same time another chrysalis was suspended, and began to change color, October 4th, early iu the afternoon. Soon male butterflies appeared, took hold of the chrysalis, as before, but were easily frightened away. By six o'clock, same afternoon, the color had chansred, and males came freelv, attached theuiselves lirmly, and would not let go, in fact, were utterly regardless of their safety. When picked off they would fly around and return at once. Two males remained all night. Before daybreak next morning, 1 was at my post, and tiiere found the two males, opposite one another, head down, abdomen curved towards the abdominal end of the chrysalis, both apparently exercising a pressure. Lighted matches held near them would not drive them away, shaking the twig did not loosen their hold, only picking tliem off bodily separated them from the chrys- alis. The latter was now almost black, and momentarily I expected the shell to burst. This happened, but the break was not at the usual place. Owing prob- ably to the jiressure or weight of the butterflies, the shell burst at the abilom- inal end, and instantly one of the males made connection with the female imago, while the head and thoi-ax of the latter were still enclosed. After about ten minutes, I determined to free the new insect, which was accomplished by a slight pressure on the shell, and I then removed the pair and suspended them to a leaf- stem. The wings of the female immediately began to expand, but they did not fully develop. Without my aid, the imago would not have been aide to extricate itself from the shell, although copulation had been effected. "I suspended another chrysalis, well discolored, under same conditions, Octo- ber Ttli, in the morning. Males flocked, circled about a few times, approached closelv and then flew off atjain, none having alighted or actually touched the chrysalis. This went on for an hour, when a male emerged. The butterflies were mostly caught and all proved to be males. " October 17th, another chrysalis was suspended under same conditions as the last mentioned. Males appeared, *etc. Behavior just as before ; none touching. Tiie imago proved to l)e a male." On November 1st, Dr. Wittfeld ao-ain wrote : " To-dav I made another corrob- orative observation on Heliconia chrysalis. At eight A. M., two males attached themselves to a female chrysalis, and acted as before reported. Four more males had appeared by nine o'clock, took hold as best they could, and the six made quite a bunch. Soon after others came, Init had to be content with flying in close proximity, as there was no more holding room. At ten o'clock. I freed the female from the crowd, and found the abdomen exposed, but head and thorax still iu the shell. I carried her to the house, allowed her to suspend from a HELICONIA I. brand), and being now ont of tbe shell, the wings soon grew, and in another hour or so the insect flew off. "November 11th, discovered two ehrysalids of Charitonia on the same plant, about two inches apart, but as much as two feet from the nearest passion-vine. No. 1 was not discolored. No. 2 a little. To each chrysalis two males were attached. They would let go when touched, those on No. 2 hesitating ; how- ever, all would return at once. On both ehrysalids I noticed that the bodies of the males were bent up, that i.s, off from the chrysalis, and the pressure exer- cised in former observations was not yet applied by tlie males. Apparently they simply kept hold so as to be on hand when things developed. "November 12th ; No. 1 was forsaken; to No. 2 four or five males clung, heads down, bodies still bent up ; they leave only to feed. " November loth ; No. 1 still forsaken, but in course of the day males flocked to it, their bodies still bent up ; were frightened away readily. " November 14th ; No. 1 had all the attention of the males, while No. 2 re- mained forsaken, the bodies now touching the chrysalis, but almost midway of the abdomen of the pupa, not at the extremity. "Later; two males had taken firm hold, as in previous observations, touch- ing at the end of abdomen of pupa ; would not let go, but had to be picked off. " Later ; 1 found a pair in copulation on the ground. Now I examined No. 2 and found the imago nearly developeil, but dead, and this explains why tlie chrysalis was forsaken. " During this observation I noticed that the males would alight on the chrysa- lis as the}' do on flowers, then wheel around cjuickly, head down, body up. "November 14th ; my attention was attracted by a flock of six or eight Cluiri- tonia butterflies on the edge of woods, flying around an object which, on inspec- tion, I found to be a chrysalis." Dr. Wittfeld's observations settle this : that in H. Charitonia the males are able, by some means, to distinguish the presence of a female in chrysalis, at least from the time when discoloration of the shell commences ; that the attraction becomes stronger as the imago nears its emergence, tliat the females show no such attraction toward a male in cluysalis, and that males do not attract males. It is not unusual to find female butterflies of certain species, as Papilio AJa.r, so lately out of chrysalis that the wings are at least limp, coupled with perfectly devel- oped males, but I have not myself abserved a case where the connection took place the instant the female broke from its shell, or even befoi'c the wings were expanded. Certainly I have never known of male butterflies watching Uie advent of a female one moment, much more, for hours and days, nor have I read of such an occurrence. HELICONIA I. I wrote Mr. Bates, whose experience of eleven years on tiie Amazon might have brought this habit in one or more species of Hehconi(h\! to his notice. But he informs me tliat he had observed nothing of the kind ; and otlier naturahst travelers of whom I liave made inquiry reply to the same effect. It is to be sui)posed however that the hal»it is generic, and that it will hereafter be ob- served in many species. Althouo-h the cause of this assemblino- of the male butterflies al)out the female chrysalids is sexual, yet inciilentally the latter must be protected thereby from attacks of enemies. No one who has not visited the tropics can conceive the peril to which such objects are exposed, in the innumerable throng of spiders, ants, predacious insects of a thousand species, birds, and animals of other sorts. Dr. Wittfeld has many times reported aggravating losses which liave befallen him ; but I know of my own experience, for I formerly spent a year on the Amazon, that the active enemies of any chrysalis are thousands to one under the equator as compared even with Florida. The butterflies themselves may be protected by their obnoxious smell or taste, and the chrysalis might prove just as obnoxious after it was .seized. But the mischief would be done when that iiappened, and the female imago wounded or destroyed. The color of the chrysalis is not sutfi- ciently marked for its protection, as is the case with the butterfly. It may, in a measure, defend itself by wriggling about, and by the squeaking noise spoken of. but when the shell is softening and the imago is most sensitive to injury from anv rough attack, it could protect it.self by neither of these expedients. It is just then that the males gather about it. and effectively, if unwittingly, guard it till the danger is past, and the new buttertly comes forth. In most of the in- stances observed by Dr. Wittfeld, the females emerging were crippled Ijv the premature assaults of the males, and if this were always the case, protection of the chrysalis would be purchased at a dear rate to the species. But we may assume that this does not generally happen, as the Heliconidae so abound. In Charitonia we have a species interesting from its affiliations, its beauty, habits, and peculiarities, and all the more as it is tlie only representative of its kind in our fauna. Drawn byMaiy Peart EURYNOME 1.2. ft, 3. 4$. Bowen S-CMith Phil ^ ARGYNNIS I. ARGYNNIS EURYNOME, 1-4. Aryynnis Eurijnome (Eu-r)-n'-o-iiu'), Edward?, Trans. Am. Eiit. Soc. Vol. IV., p. G8, 1872. Primaries slightly arched, produced apically, the hind margins straight or convex. Male. — Expands 1.7 to 2 inches. Upper side bright yellow-fulvous, little obscured at base ; the hind margins edged by two fine lines between which the fulvous space is very narrow ; some- times these lines broaden and are confluent ; the sub-marginal spots lunular, con- fluent, and inclosing fulvous spaces of the ground color ; the rounded spots small ; across the disks a delicate zigzag band, rarely on secondaries broken into separate lunular spots ; the cellular inscriptions on jjrimaries include an angular inverted P, a wavy ti*ansverse central btu', and two similar bars which form the sides of a sub-quadrate spot ; two small spots in the interspaces below the cell ; the basal area of secondaries immaculate, the discal spot like the letter C ; fringes luteous, largely black at the ends of the nervules on primaries, and slightly next inner angle of secondaries. Under side of primaries pale bufl', with a cinnamon-brown tint at base and along the nervules, especially the branches of median, the middle of each inter- space showing a narrow strip of the ground color ; the sub-marginal mostly sil- vered, and two or three silver spots anterior to these next costa. Secondaries yellow-buff; the basal area and disk mottled with j^ale ferruginous, and often with more or less of olivaceous ; the band between the two outer rows of spots broad, clear yellow-buff'; the spots all well silvered ; those of the sub- marginal row seri'ated, of the second mostly long oval ; the first and fifth equal, the second, third, and sixth, narrower but equally long, the fourth minute, the seventh lunate, all slightly edged with black above, and all projecting olivaceous shadows on the band ; in the third row are three spots, the first and third lunu- lar, the second sub-quadrate ; there is also a dash in this row. on inner margin ; in the cell one or two rounded spots, below the cell a Jong oval; all these lightly ARGYNNIS I. edo-ed with black ; a dash at base of cell, and another at base of subcostal inter- space ; the shoulder and inner margin silvered. Body above fulvous, beneath buft"; legs bull'; palpi buff, fulvous above and at tip ; antenna^ black, annulated with grayish above, fulvous below ; club black, tip ferruginous. Female. — Expands 2 inches. Color paler, the spots in the sub-marginal lunules sordid white ; the mai'ginal bands broader and all the markings heavier ; the second row of silvered spots indicated above by a shade lighter than the ground ; the basal area of primaries beneath deep colored. Occasionally an example of either sex is seen in which is no silvering, all the spots then being of nearly the same color as the ground. EoG. — Conoidal, broad at base, truncated at sununit ; marked by numer- ous horizontal striae, and vertically b}' about twenty prominent ribs, some of which are intersected by shorter ribs which proceed from tlie base and connect at about two thirds the distance to the summit; color at first lemon-yellow, soon turning to purple. Deposited upon Viola. Larva unknown. From Colorado and the Rocky Mountains. Mr. T. L. Mead found this species common throughout the northern sections of the State, in 1871, " flying among the grasses and along the streams. It began to appear at Fairplay, 6th June, and was especially abundant at Twin Lakes." I have also received specimens from Dr. Hayden's Colorari: I, Bijwen. Col :EAD11, 1 2 6, 3.49. f^il ARGYNNIS II ARGYNNIS MEADII, 1-4. Argynnis Memlii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. IV. p. 67, 1872. Primaries slightly arched, but little produced, straight on hind margin. Male. — Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side deep yellow-fulvous, but little obscured at base ; hind margins bor- dered by two fine parallel lines, inclosing throughout a narrow fulvous space ; upon these rest a confluent series of black spots, those next, the apices lunate, the remainder sen'ate ; the rounded extra-discal sjjots of medium size ; the mesial band narrow, confluent on secondaries; in the cell of primaries, the usual inscrip- tions ; at the origin of lower branch of median a black mark, and below, in next interspace, a sagittate spot ; the discal spot on secondaries an inverted C ; the second row of silver spots indicated by a space slightly paler than the ground ; fringes of primaries almost AvhoUy fuscous, there being merely a little luteous in the middle of each interspace, of secondaries wholly luteous, except a few black hairs at the end of the posterior nervules. Under side of primaries pale cinnamon-brown at base and along the nervures of the disk, the remainder light buff, except that the apical area and hind margin are yellow-green; the five upper sub-marginal spots well silvered, as also the three sub-apical spots. Secondaries wholly of a glos.sy golden-green, a buff sub- color showing along the middle of the band between the two outer rows of spots ; all the spots well silvered ; of the seven sub-marginal, the first is sub-ovate, the next two serrate, the three following broad and sharply serrate, and the last sub- lunate, all completely edged with black ; those of second row are mostly long oval, the first, second, and sixth of equal Ijreadth, the tliird narrower, the fifth broader than the first, the fourth a point, the seventh irregular, all heavily edged with black above and lightly elsewhere ; of the third row, the first is nearly round, tlie second minute, the third trapezoidal, the other two dashes, all edged above with black ; in the cell two rounded spots in black circles, a long oval in sub-median interspace, and a dash at base of sub-costal ; shoulder and inner margin lightly silvered. ARGYNNIS II. Body above fulvous; below, the thorax gray-buff, abdomen buff; legs fulvous ; palpi white, furnished in front with long fulvous hairs which are black at tips ; antenna; fuscous above, fulvous below ; club black, tip fulvous. Female. — Same size. Color Y>iile ; the sub-marginal spots in both wings lighter than the ground, as are also the spots on disk of secondaries corresponding to the second silver row ; the marginal lines confluent and the connecting lunules heavy, especially on secondaries ; in other respects like the male. This species was discovered by Mr. T. L. Mead, who took a single male in per- fect condition, at Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado, in June, 1873. Subsequently several specimens of both sexes were brought in by the Yellowstone expedi- tion under Dr. Hayden, from Montana. In 1874, another male was sent me with a few l)utterflies taken by Mr. W. K. Pywell, along the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad west of Bismarck. 3Iead'n has been surmised to be a possible variety of Edwardsu, but it seems to me the differences between them are too considerable and persistent to admit such relationship. Meadli is of medium size, the primaries scarcely at all pro- duced, the color deep. On the under side the basal area of primaries is pale cinuamon-brown, and the green on both wings is golden, with a gloss like satin, very difficult to represent sufficiently on the Plate. Udwardsii is one of our largest species, with long and tapering primaries, and its color is bright and clear beyond all others. The green of the under side is not of a lively shade, but is either brownish or olivaceous, and the basal area of primaries is fulvous to fiei-y- red in the two sexes. '\^^^^f^ |j:awri f.y Mnry Pp; ARGYNNIS III. ARGYNNIS BISCHOFFII, 1-4. Argijnnis BiscJioffii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. III. p. 189, 1870. Primaeies short, slightly arched, the hind raargins convex. Male. — Expands 1.8 inch. Upper side fulvous ; the base of primaries and the inner half of secondaries densely obscured by purple-tinted black, so as to conceal tliQ markings ; both wings have broad black marginal borders, either crenated or erose on the inner side, and inclosing a series of small fulvous spots ; often these are nearly or quite obsolete on the posterior half of primaries ; the other markings much as in Eurynome ; fringes luteous. Under side of primaries with a faint fulvous tint at base and over the median interspaces; the apical area pale ochraceous, and often immaculate; often also tlie sub-marginal lunules are wanting or represented by a few brown scales only ; but in some examples these lunules are distinct throughout. Secondaries buff washed with ochraceous, mottled on the basal area with grayish-green, and sometimes with reddish-brown on the middle of the disk ; the band between the outer I'ows of spots buff; the sub-marginal spots broad, ser- rated ; of the second row, the first three are nearly equal, sub-ovate, the fourth minute, the fifth ovate, larger than the first, the sixth ovate, small, the seventh irregular ; in the third row are three spots and in the cell two ; also one in the interspace above cell. Individuals differ much in respect to silver- ing, the larger proportion of males examined being wholly without silver, the spots buff, while in the females " silvered spots predominate ; in many cases also where there is au absence of silver, the sub-marginal spots of secondaries, as well as of primaries, are nearly obsolete. Body black, with fulvous hairs, beneath gray-fulvous ; legs and palpi fulvous ; antennte brown above, fulvous below ; club black, tip ferruginous. Female. — Expands 1.9 inch. The basal half of primaries and almost the whole of secondaries obscured, to ARGYNNIS III. such an extent often that the fulvous color is nearly limited to the exti-a-discal area of both wings ; the disk and costal margin of primaries sordid white, as are portions of the interspaces on secondaries, especially those which correspond with the second row of spots on under side ; the marginal borders broader than in the male ; the inclosed spots small, sordid white. From Aliaska. All the examples of the present species known to me in collections have been taken in one locality near Sitka, " upon some rising ground, covered with heath- like plants, two miles from the town, in the middle of July." Of these, 5*5? were taken by the late M. BischofF, and 1*25 by Mr. Bendel, of San Fran- cisco. Except ohe pair of M. BischofF 's collecting, I have seen, or Mr. Henry Edwards has examined and described to me, all these. Of the males, one only is silvered and four are not ; of the females, four are silvered and two are not. In both sexes there is much difference in the unsilvered examples as to the dis- tinctness of the marginal and apical markings, and all, of both sexes, are much obscured on the upper side. Mr. Crotch did not meet this species in British Columbia, though he found several other Argynnides there in abundance. ARGYNNIS III. ARGYNNIS OPIS, 5-8. Argynnh Opts, Edwanls, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. V., p. 10.5, 1874. jMale. — Expands 1.5 inch. Primaries moderately arched, hind margins rounded ; under side without silver. Upper side uniform yellow-fulvous ; primaries very little obscured at base, secondaries rather larg-ely obscured both at base and down the abdominal inax-- gin to the mesial band, that part of the wing being covered with a dense coating of dark brown bristling haii's ; hind margins edged by two fine parallel lines, showing very narrow fulvous spaces between, and connected tlu-oughout with a series of small black lunules within which are fulvous spots ; the extra-discal spots small ; the mesial band delicate, and confluent on secondaries ; in the cell of primaries a wavy stripe crosses the lower median interspace and part of sub- median below cell ; secondaries have on the disk an incomplete black ring ; fringes luteous, fuscous at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries buft", very slightly, if at all, red-tinted on basal area of primaries ; the markings of the cell repeated, the mesial band represented by separated spots ; the extra-discal spots obsolete except two or three next inner margin ; the usual sub-marginal spots obsolete, or near inner angle repre- sented by a few scales only. Secondaries have the discal area pale ochraceous, somewhat mottled with faint red ; the space beyond the second row of spots clear ochraceous ; the sub-marginal spots faint, those of second row and those towards base scarcely more distinct ; all these arranged as in EuDjnome and al- lied species, but ochraceous, with no silver. Body above fuscous with fulvous hair.s ; beneath, the thorax gray-fulvous, ab- domen buff; legs buff; palpi gray-fulvous ; antennae fuscous above, fulvous be- low ; club black, the tip fulvous. Female. — Same size and shape. Color deeper fulvous ; both wings obscured from base nearly to mesial band ; the marginal band with the connected lunules ARGYNNIS III. and indeed all the markings, heavier than in the male. Under side of pri- maries red-tinted except at apex, which is ochraceous ; secondai'ies as in the male. The only locality at present known for this species is Bald Mountain, Cariboo, British Columbia, at which several specimens were taken in 1873, by the late Mr. G. R. Crotch. The virgins Opis and Arge first brought offerings from the Hyperboreans to Apollo at Delos ; and dying there, " they receive honor from the Delians, the women calling on their names in a hymn ; and ashes from the altar are thrown upon their sepulchre, which is behind the temple. of Diana, facing the east, very near the banqueting room of the Ceians." So the old historian ; and later by thi'ee milleniums it pleased me also in naming this hyperborean butter- fly to honor the heroic- virgias. WW. ^x ^t^^ ^r.^%»•lL*by'TT^l^■ Tmwl BREMNERII , 1.2.5.3.4.?. ARGYNNIS lY. ARGYNNIS BREMNERII, 1-4. Ari/)/niilx Hrcmnrrii, I'Mwanls, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1872. I'lnM.VKiEs loiiu;, narrow, proiluccil ap'callv ; liinil niaryin more or less con- vex. Male. — Expands 2 to '2A inches. Upper side deep fiilvons, occasionally yellow-fulvous, dark brown at hase and nearly up to mesial band ; hind maru;ins bordered by two parallel black lines, the intervening fulvous space divided by the black nervules ; resting on these lines a common series of black crescents, enclosing fulvous s]iots, small, mostly double-convex; other markings as in allied species, very heavy, as in C//heIe ; the mesial band coutluent on secondaries, and connected with the spot on the arc by a black bar. that crosses the lower sub-costal interspace ; this spot is shaped like an inwrted (' ; fringes luteous. black at tips of nervules. Under side of ])rimaries red-fulvous, sometimes cinnamon-red, next base and over inner margin up to median, buff along costa. in upper and posterior part of cell and in the discoidal interspaces ; the hind margin from apex to median ferru- ginous, and a large ferruginous sub-apical patch, on which are two. rarely three, spots, sometimes well silvered, sometimes buff' with merely a few scales of silver ; the sub-marginal spots to the number of five or six from apex, either well silvered or slightly, like the sub-apical. Secondaries deep ferruginous, somewhat mottled with liuff, or greenish-buft'; the space between the two outer rows of silver spots, usually buff, sometimes yellow, and not encroached on by the dark ground color, as in Cijhele ; but in other cases this space is nearly covered by ferruginous, as in Aphrodite ; the seven sub-marginal silver spots narrow, sub-triangular, edged above with ferru- ginous ; the seven of second row each narrowly edged with black anteriorly, the first three nearly equal, the fourth minute, the fifth largest, sub-rotund, the sixth sub-rectangular, the seventh lunate ; in the third row are five spots, similarly edged with I)lack, the first, third, and fourth equal, lunate, the second minute, often obsolete, the fourth a dash on the margin ; a small round spot in cell and three spots at origin of nervures; making twenty-two silver spots in all ; shoulder well silvered, abdominal margin lightly. Body fulvous above. ARGYNNIS IV. beneath buff, with gray and t'ulvoiis hairs, abdomen buff; legs fulvous; palpi fulvous, with l)ufl' hairs in front ; antennae fuscous above, fulvous below ; club black, fulvous at tip. Female. — Expands from 2.3 to 2.7 inches. Upper side paler ; the marginal lines and crescents confluent, forming a broad black band, the enclosed fulvous spots paler than the ground color ; the other markinsjs as in the male. Under side of primaries deep red, ochraceous apically ; the silver spots distinct, three on the ferruginous patch, and five or si.x along the margin ; secondaries as in the male, but rather more mottled with greenish - ochraceous ; spots larger, well silvered. This fine species was first made known l)y Dr. Bremner, of H. M. Ship Zealous, who obtained a few individuals on San Juan Island, in 1S71, and pre- sented them to Mr. Henry Edwards. In 1873, Mr. Edwards himself vi.sited Van- couver's Island, and writes as follows : " Bremnerii i.s remarkably common in the vieinitv of Victoria. I observed it in u;reat numbers at Esquimalt, and on a patch of clover, which was in full fiower at tlie time of my arrival, I captured over .sixty specimens. The gi'eat majority of these were males, and from my own experience, and that of other observers, with the larger Ar(/i/uiiides, I be- lieve that the females of Breiiuierll would not appear iu anv number before tlie end of August, while the male is abundant in June. It seems to be the only large species of Argyunis inhabiting this Island. Its flight is somewhat slow and heavy, and being a fearless insect, its capture is a matter of no dilliculty." In August, 1873, also, Mr. G. R. Crotch was collecting in British Columbia, and found Bremnerii abundant at Eraser's River and at Lake Labache. With it was flying A. Aplircxlite, scarcely diflering from its type of tlie Eastern States. This alone of the large Atlantic species of Arr/i/twis is found on the Pacific coast, and so far as now known, is confined to British Columlna. Both Atlantis and Ajih- rodite belong to the Coloradan fauna, and the males of the latter species have there undergone some modification, having assumed somewhat of tlie intense coloration of the female, while the fore-wings are more produced and more arched than in the Eastern type. m Di'dwn ny Wi^r.- ;■<■ INOR_NATA, 1 2.6, 3.4. V. L Bowen, Col ARGYNNIS y. ARGYNNIS INORNATA. Ar(]ynms inornala, Eilwanls, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. IV., ]>. 64, 1872. Primaries strongly arched, produced apically, straight on hind margin in the male, slightly concave in the female. Male. — Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side red-fulvous, much obscured from the mesial band to base, so as to render the blackish markings indistinct as compared with Hesperis, the nearest allied species ; margins bordered by two parallel lines that are confluent on primaries and on upper half of secondaries, forming a black band through which fointly apjjears a tint of fulvous in the interspaces ; on the band rests a con- nected series of black lunules inclosing pale fulvous spots ; the other black markings as in Hesperis, but heavier ; on disks of secondaries paler spots corre- sponding to the second row on underside ; the black markings in cell of primaries next anterior to the spot on arc strongly bent so as to inclose a sub-quadrate space which is paler than the ground color ; fringes luteous, black at tips of the nervules. Under side of primaries cinnamon-brown at base, and up to the mesial black band and within the P like spot on the arc ; but the sul)-quadrate space and that portion in cell next posterior is buff; I'est of wing buff, including the sub-marginal and sub-apical spots. Secondaries reddish-bi'own from base to outside of second row of spots, the band between this and outer row bufi' and immaculate ; the marginal spots lai'ge, broad, sub-triangular, very slightly edged above by brown ; those of second row mostly large, broad-oval ; of the third row, the first on costa is nearly round, the second trapezoidal, the third a dash only ; the spots of the second and third rows lightly edged above with black ; two round spots in black rings in cell, a long oval at base of sub-median and a dash at base of sub-costal ; all these buff, scarcely difiering from parts of the ground color, and without silver. Body covered with fulvous hairs, gray-buff beneath, abdomen buff; legs buff; palpi same, fulvous in front and at tip ; antenna? black above, fulvous lielow ; club black, tip falvous. ARGYNNIS V. Female. — Expands 2.7 inches. Uppei- side paler, the general appearance more that of an Euptoieta, the whole outer portion of the wings, including the sub-marginal spots and the discal spots of secondaries, faded to a whitisli-ochraceous ; in cell of primaries, the space within the P, and that between the two black lines next base deep orange-fulvous, rest of cell of same shade as the disk, the sub-quadrate space conspicuous ; under side of primaries orange-fulvous instead of cinnamon-brown ; secondaries next base pale browu mottled with buif, the spots shaped as in male but greatly en- larged ; on the sub-marginal spots of secondaries may be seen a few scales of silver. Taornata was originally described from a single pair in the collection of Mr. James Behrens, and which had l^een taken at Downieville, Cal. Since 1872, the species has been found to range over a large territory, even to Virginia City, Nevada, where it was observed by Mr. Henry Edwards. He writes : '' It is a remarkably wild flyer, and never rests more than a second or two, in this respect difleriug very much from A. Zerene and 3Ionticola. It alights on leaves of tree.s or on the road, but I never saw it settle on flowers." Awmwmmnmo !i .wii bv M;ii7 Pran L Bowei;, Col PvHODOPE. 1 a i. 3 49 ARGYNNIS VI. ARGYNNIS RHODOPE, 1- Argynnis Rhodope (Rhod'o-pe), Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 1874, p. 13. Primaries of mediuiu width, moderately arched, straight on hind margin. Male. — Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side deep red-fulvous, the basal area of each wing up to the mesial band dark broA^Ti ; hind margins edged by two heavy, parallel, blatk lines, sometimes confluent, on which rest a series of lunules which inclose narrow, sub-ovate, ful- vous spots ; the preceding rounded spots small ; other markings as in the allied species, 1>ut heavy throughout ; the mesial band on secondaries confluent ; the discal spot on same wing oval, with a narrow, fulvous sinus ; beyond this spot to base, the ground in the cell, and for some distance on either side of the cell, is black, partially covered by brown scales ; along the inner edge of the mesial baud above median nervure are fulvous spots in the interspaces ; fringes alter- nately luteous and black, the latter prevailing on primaries. Under side of primaries dark ferruginous along the entire hind margin and apex quite up to the line of rounded spots ; sometimes the basal area and inner margin are of same hue, hut in other cases are paler ; the sub-costal and discoi- dal interspaces j^ellow, as is also much of cell ; the spots inclosed in the sub-mar- ginal lunations small, and the upper five or six either yellow Avith a few silver scales, or well silvered ; on costal margin three sub-apical spots on a patch of reddish-brown, also either yellow or silvered, differing in individuals. Secondaries uniform deep red-ferruginous from base to margin, except that sometimes there is a narrow pale space between the two outer rows of spots, as of a yellow sub-color washed with red ; also in some cases the middle of wing, next anterior to the second row, is much covered with black ; the marginal spots well silvered, narrow, elongated, lunular ; those of second row nearly equal in size, excepting the fourth, which is minute ; the first three, fifth, and sixth sub-quadrate, the seventh long and narrow, the eighth, on inner margin, nearly obsolete ; all these heavily edged above with black ; the spots of third row small, edged above with black ; in the cell a rounded spot, and at the base of ARGYNNIS VI. median nervure, an oval, both ringed with black ; all these spots, from second row to base, either well silvered, or pale yellow sprinkled with silver scales diftering in individuals ; silver patches at base of cell, at origin of sub-costal nervure and on shoulder ; the abdominal margin lightly silvered. Body above brown-fulvous, beneath light, the aljdomen ])ufF; legs fulvous ; palpi buft' at base, fulvous above ; antennas fuscous, beneath ferruginous ; club black, ferruginous at tip. Female. — Expands 2.4 inches. Upper side paler, the basal area nearly as much obscured as in male, the sub- marginal fulvous spots lighter than the ground ; under side as in the male, the marginal row of spots in secondaries silvered, all the others yellow. This beautiful and distinct species was discovered in 1873, by Mr. G. R. Crotch, in the Fraser's River country, British Columbia. Three males and one female only were taken, '• in the forest on the way from Bates' (commonly called the lOO-mile house) to Beaver Lake." mm. r - j^-. m '•^' \ ■4"^ ~'-^_- •■— " /I- Drawn l,v Mary Pearl L Bowen. Col RUPESTRIS, 1.2 4,3 4 ?. DIANA a. fj(/ff rrinrpiirivil. l-< - f/ Larva r/ir ,'aili/ ■iliu/cs irui,/ni/i,i/ . // f^ /tn/saJi.^ " ARGYNNIS VII. AlUiYNMS HUl'KSTRIS, 1-4. Argi/iiuix liupeslrin, Bilir. Prix'. Cal. Acail. Xat. Sci., 18(13, p. 84. Same, work, lSi;2, p. 175, described as " No. 6." Male. — Expands two inclie.s. Priiiiiiries strongly arfhed, niodoratt'ly produced, roundL'd apically ; iiind mar- gin nearly straight. Upper side deep red-fulvous, somewhat ol)seured at base -of primaries, and largely on secondaries, the dark portion nearly reaching the mesial band; hind margins bordered l)y two fine parallel lines, on which rest a series of lunules which inclose sjiots of the ground color; the extra-discaf spots rounded, large, e.specially those on the po.sterior half of ])rimaries, and all on secondaries except the one on upper median interspace, which is minute ; the mesial band heavy, and confluent throughout ; the usual inscriptions in cell of primaries, and a sagittate spot in sulj-median interspace ; in the cell of secondaries a spot like an inverted C ; all these marks heavy ; fringes luteous, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries brick-red at base, bulT over outer part of cell and the apical area ; the median interspaces tinted with red on buff ground ; the mark- ings repeated ; near the apex a .slight ferruginous patch ; the sub-marginal lunules brown, darkest posteriorily, inclosing buff spots without silver ; sec- ondaries cinnamon-red on buff ground, the latter appearing in patches on the disk and in the cell ; the band between the outer rows of spots narrow, buff, en- croached on by the basal color ; the sub-marginal spots light buff, very slightly silvered, long, narrow, edged above by red ; the remaining spots yellow-l>uff, with no silver, each of those of second and third rows edged narrowly above by black ; the second row consists of seven spots, of which the first three and the fifth and sixth are sub-ovate and ecjual, the fourth minute, the seventh sub- lunate ; the third row of three spots ; in the cell two, and an oval at base of lower median interspace, these edged with black ; a patch of buff at base of sub- costal interspace. ARGYNNIS VII. Body fleep fulvous above, beneath, the thorax l)uff, abdomen yellowish ; legs buft'. red on the anterior side ; pal^ji yellow at the side, fulvous in front and at tip ; antennie fuscous above, fulvous below ; club black, the tip ferruginous. Female. — Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side less intensely colored, tending to yellow-fulvous on disk ; the bor- ders and lunules heavy ; the spots inclosed on the lunules paler than the ground ; all the markings heavy ; under side of primaries light-red, and of nearly uniform shade over the basal area and all the outer limb below the upper branch of me- dian ; the discoidal nervules edged with red ; remainder of the wing buft"; the anterior sub-marginal spots very lightly silvered, the rest buff as are also those on sub-apical patch ; secondaries have the basal red of brighter tint than in the male ; the sub-marginal spots partially silvered, the others clear yellow-buft'. This iine species, although described so long ago as 1862, by Dr. Behr, from a sino-le male which liad been received by him from some member of the State Geological Survey, had remained otherwise unknown mitil 1874, no other speci- men having been taken, and no knowledge existing of its locality. During the past season Mr. James Behrens re-discovei'ed the species at Soda Springs, in northern California, and from him I have received the pair figured on the Plate. ARUYNNIS VII. ARGYNNIS DIANA. Argynnis Diana, Cramer, II., pi. 98. Edwards But. N. A., Vol. I. plate 20. DESCRIPTIOX OF PREPAR.A.TORY STAGES. Egg. — Height, .086 inch, breadth at base, .09, at summit, .034; conoidal, truncated, depressed at summit, marked vertically by aljout eighteen prominent, slightly wavy, ribs, eight of which extend from Ijase to summit, and form around the latter a serrated rim or crown ; the remainder lie between these and end irregularly at one half to three quarters distance from base, sometimes squarely at one of the transverse striaj, but often curve towards and unite with the long ribs ; between each pair of ribs are equi-distant transverse stria?, about twelve in all, each one depressed in the middle and not often in line with the corres- ponding striae of the adjoining sections ; the spaces between the ribs and stria? excavated roundly. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage fifteen days. Young Larva. — Length, .08 inch; cylindrical, thickest at fifth and sixth segments, tapering slightly towards either exti-emity ; color dull green, translu- cent ; each segment from third to twelfth marked by a transverse row of eight elongated, mostly ob-ovate, tubercular, dark spots, the second on either side the dorsal line lying back of the rest ; on the thirteenth a straight row of four spots, and behind this another of two spots ; the second segment is narrow and is occu- pied dorsally by a blackish, oblong patch, on the front of which are four small, rounded tubercles, and immediately behind each of the two outer ones a similar tubercle ; in addition to these, on either side of this segment are two spots like those upon the other segments ; from each of the tubercular spots throughout spring one or two long black hairs, curved forward ; head rounded in front and at the vertices, depressed in middle at top ; color blackish brown, sparsely pilose. (Fig. b.) At this stage this larva cannot be distinguished from that of Cyhele or Aphrodite. The first moult occurred in eighteen days after the larva awaked from hybernation. ARGYNNIS VII. After first moult: length .1-5 inch; same shape as before; color olivaceous, mottled over the whole surface with brown ; armed with six longitudinal rows of long, fleshy, black spines, each of which springs from a yellowish tubercle ; tliese spines are somewhat tinted with fulvous at base, and from the sides and end of each proceed short, curved black hairs ; legs and pro-legs dull green ; head black. (Fig. c.) Duration of this stage sixteen days. After second moult : length .3 inch ; the segments from fourth to eleventh enlarged, from fourth to second tapering more rapidly than before ; color uni- form obscure greenish-brown ; the spines as in the last stage, a dull yellow tu- bercle forming the base of each ; legs black, pro-legs dull green ; front of head blackish brown, bristling with hairs ; back of head, at tlie junction with second segment, dull yellow. (Fig. d.) Duration of this stage fourteen days. After third moult: length .7; color as in last stage, the upper surface with a silky gloss ; the spines longer and more tapering, the basal third of each and the tul)ercle also orange ; the 1:)ristles shorter ; legs and pro-legs black ; head sub-conic, truncated, with a prominent vertex on either side, between which and the apex is a rounded depression, the front flattened, the lower angles rounded; color brown in front, dull yellow behind ; the ocelli black. (Fig e.) Time to next moult seventeen days. After fourth moult: length .1 inch; color uniform deep chocolate-brown; the spines as before, except those of the two dorsal rows on second and last four segments, all of which are black ; the bristles shorter ; between the dorsal rows on each segment are two whitish dots; head black. (Fig. f.) Duration of this stage twelve days. After fifth moult: length 1.5 inch. The larva continued without change in coloration till maturity. Mature Larva. — Length 2.5 inches; cylindrical, fleshy, tapering at either extremity, each segment rounded ; wholly velvety-black ; armed with six rows of long, tapering, sharp, glossy-l)lack spines, from each of wliicli proceeds several short lilack bristles on the sides and one at the top ; length of most of these spines .2 inch ; on the second segment the two dorsal spines measure .3 inch, and are projected forward over the head ; on each side of same segment is one other spine, starting from the posterior edge of the segment and back of the line of the dorsals, and these also are porrected ; the remaining spines of the six rows radiate as if from a central axis, those of the stigmata! row being depressed so that their ends are on a level with the feet ; the base of each spine deep orange or fulvous ; between each pair of dorsals two whitish dots placed transversely ; legs and pro-legs black ; head small, Init broader than the second segment, sub- conic, truncated and depressed at top, flattened in front, the lower corners rounded, ARGYNNIS VII. the vortioes proiuiiient, tlio surfoce sparsely jjilose ; color brown, behind t'ulvous. (Fig. 0-) Thirty-six lionrs elapsed after suspension before the cliange to chrysalis took place, t\venty-t-\vo days from the iifth moult. Ciii;ysalis. — Length 1.2 inch, greatest breadth .43 inch; cylindrical, with an an2:ular excavation below the mesonotum : the whole surface finely corrugated ; head-case square, tranversely rounded, with somewhat prominent vertices : me.sonotum prominent, compressed, carinated, rounded at summit, and with a shar]) tnl)ercle at l)ase on either side ; two other tubercles just l)elow and back of the head ; wino'-cases nruch elevated above the surface, the outer edu;es at base flaring; on the alxlomen two dorsal rows of long, sharp tubercles, and smaller ones, corresponding to the first lat<'ral spines on the larva, on the three or four middle segments ; color of the anteiMor poitious and of the wing-cases light- brown, streaked with darker shades ; of the abdomen dark l^'own, mottled on the sides with red. (Fig. //. ) Duration of this stage nearly twenty-one days; making the time fnjm tlie egg to liii' imago about nine months. NOTKS ox TIIK PKEPAKATOItY STAGES OF AIUIYXXIS DIAXA, CYBELE, AND APIIKODITE. After many discovu'aging attempts at raising the larvtc of one or other of these species, I succeeded in bringing all from eggs to chrysalids in 1873-4. The females rciidily deposit their eggs in confinement, and at different times I had had hundreds hatch, but lost tlie young larvaj almost immediately. Ci/hele is a com- mon species at Coalburgh, and in August and Septemljer midtitudes of them may be taken on flowers, in the fields on Vernonia, in the garden on single zinnias, especially. Aphrodite is sometimes taken, but is rare, and as to Diana, though ten years ago I was able to take many, of late it has become almost extinct liere- abouts. But on last of August, 1873, Mr. T. L. Mead brouglit from a locality fifty miles east of Coalburgh, among the mountains, several living females of Apltrodlte and some sixty of Diana. These were placed in boxes and kegs, with fresh plants of violet, as were also females of Cyhele, and a very large number of eggs were obtained of each species, laid upon the leaves and stems of the plants, and also upon the sides of the boxes and the clotlis which covered them. Diana also deposited freely upon stems of Vernonia, but I was never able to discover that the .voung larva? fed on that plant. Dr. II. K. Hayhurst, at Sedalia, Mo., to whom I had sent young larva^ of Diana in 18()!), wrote me at the time that in some instances they did eat the surface of the leaves of Vernonia Nova- boracensis. It is certain, however, that this larva thrives on violets of every ARGYNNIS VII. variety, wild or cultivated, and upon pansies, as do the larvje of C'(/heIe and Aphrodite. The eggs of the three species are essentially alike, constructed on the same plan, and in about equal periods the larvae hatched ; namely, from twelve to fifteen days. After emerging, an occasional larva was noticed feeding, but onlj for a day or two, and nearly all at once attached themselves to the imder sides of the leaves and upon the grooves of the stems, where rows of half a dozen were to be seen ranged one behind the other, quite to the base, and became dormant. There is no perceptible difference between the larvae of these three species at this or the next two or three stages. As it seemed necessary to keep the plants cool, I found great difficulty in carrying them through the early part of the winter, and as the leaves died off', and perhaps the whole plant as well, the larvae had to be transferred to others, and a great many of them were lost in the process. Many also were destroyed b}- mould. Soon after the first of January, I placed the plants in the greenhouse, and a few days later discovered the larvaj of Cyhele moving about and feeding. Two weeks later, on the twenty-first, those oi Diana and Aphrodite were active. To prevent escape I confined them within glass globes set on the pots over the plants. But both plants and larvae suffered from the confinement, and there soon appeared a great mortality among the latter. But the most serious loss occurred from the smoking of the greenhouse with tobacco, one day in my ab- sence, the gardener having forgotten to remove my pots. From this catastrophe emerged about a score of Cyhele, half a dozen Ajihrodlte, and fewer Diana. The growth of all was slow, and it was the twenty-seventh of January before the first moult of Cyhele took place, and individuals of this species were passing this moult irregularly for a fortnight afterwards. The other two passed their first moult about the middle of February. Each species moulted five times before maturing, and the intervals between the several corresponding moults varied much in individuals, no doubt owino; to the state of the weather. On sunnv days all were active, but when the sky was clouded or weather cold they neither fed nor moved. Up to the fifth moult the three species retained a close resemblance, Cyhele and Diana being of equal size, Aphrodite smaller and slenderer. At the fifth, Diana parted from the other two, increased rapidly in size, and the spines wei'e longer in proportion, and radiated from a central axis like spokes from the hub of a wheel. The four spines of second segment were projected horizontally for- ward over the head, and the two middle ones of these were longer than any others on the body. In these respects Diana differed from the other species. As they approached maturity, the number of larva* was reduced to four Cyhele, two Aphro- dite, and one Diana, and how to preserve them to the end was a matter of much ARGYNNLS VII. anxiety. I arranged a keg with a gauze bag liigli over the top, wliieli was con- fini'd by the upper hoop of the keg, and phinted fresh violets, which had to be renewed ahuost daily, covering the earth partially with stones, and setting sticks which might serve as resting places f®r the larvae. This appeared to answer the purpose well. The larvte were fond of resting on the sticks, head downward, or upon the sides of the bag, coming down to feed when impelled by hunger. After remaining motionless for hours, they would suddenly arouse and start off in extreme haste, running all about the inclosure, and on reaching the leaves would feed ravenously, and then return to their resting place. Not uufrequently they were extended on the stoaes or the damp earth as if for coolness, the weather at this time having become warm. It is uncertain whether the larvae of butterflies see distinctly, or at all. al- though they are furnished with what are called ocelli, there being five of these organs on either side of the head. On one occasion I happened to be at hand when an Aphrodite suddenly started down the side of the l)ag, to disappear below, and presently emerge on one of the upriglit sticks. This it ran over and about, and from a point on the side of it towards the plant made great efforts to reach one of the stems, which wiis at something more than an inch distant from the stick. Several times the caterpillar stretched itself out till it was nearly twice its natural length, holding to the stick by its anal and last pair of ventral clasp- ers, and moving its head and body from side to side to feel for the plnnt. But the attempts were in vain. Then it reuu)unted the stick, and reached out in a similar manner from the top in directions where were no leaves, till at last it turned right again, and hy an effort more violent than usual, seized a stem by its jaws and first pair of legs, and holding l)y them, dropped its body from the stick and climbed to the leaf There was evidently a sense of direction in the first instance, from the descent of the bag to the reaching the stick, though not of sight, as the stick was fixed at the base of the plant, and the latter was as easily reached as the former. And when on the stick, there was a sense that the leaves were near, without a certainty of the precise locality. Only three Ci/hele reached cluysalis and one Aphrodite. They spun buttons of white silk and hung suspended, nearly straight, the anterior segments but little bent, and so continued for about two days and nights in the case of Cijhele, thirty-six hours in Ajjhrodite. This last died in chrysalis; the others yielded the imago in twenty-two to twenty-four da\s. The Diana suspended in a similar manner last of all, on seventeenth of May. and the change to chrysalis occurred on the nineteenth, the interval having been fifty-four hours. It was so pro- longed that I feared lest the larva had not vitality sufficient to enable it to change, and when on rising in the middle of the last night to see what the fate ARGYNNIS VII. might be. I found the change passed, and the beautiful chrysalis formed, the sense of relief was o-reat. It was the single outcome from at least three hundred e^o-s, and I had watched over it in one stage or other almost daily for thirty- eight weeks. From this chrysalis a female emerged twenty-four days later, nearly forty-one weeks from the laying of the egg. As the several stages of these larvfe were reached, they were forwarded to Miss Peart, in Philadelphia, for their portraits, which in every instance are drawn from life, and fortunately none were lost or injured on their travels. In the fall of 1874, I again obtained eggs of Ci/hele, and profiting by experi- ence, confined the young larva? within cylinders of fine wire set over the plants and deep enough in the earth to prevent escapes. And I found no difficulty, after the larvte began to feed, in rearing them, l)ringing seven to the imago. Fresh air and moisture is what these larvae of Argynnis require, and I have no doubt now that I can successfully raise any species of this genus. Three years ago, I received from Mr. Wm. Saunders, a few half-grown larvte of Cybele, taken near London, Canada. They were found by him in the Spring, in swampy ground, hiding by day in holes made by the feet of cattle, and were concealed also by dead leaves which more or less filled the holes. These larvse matured in my possession. Mr. Saunders also found chrysalids of the same species suspended on the under side of pieces of bark near this swampy ground, and by scattei'ing bark about, and frequently examining it, he obtained several chrysalids. In the same sort of hiding place, Mr. Mead found the chrysalis of A. Atlantis, at Hunter, N. Y., in spring of 1873. Ho Dtfiwii I'Y W;iry Pi-art 1 Hi)w«n C'jI PHAETON, LS 6, 3 4 ? h Iu?ii iiimftnl'ti'ii r Ymtiiii Larva I J Liirvii (it I'' nidiilt ,. e" Liirwi ""'' iniiiilf jiiitiiutti'il f ., ., 4t .. g . ,. .5^ „ h i'hrystihs MELIT^A I. MELITyEA phaeton, 1-4. Melilcea Phaeton, Dniry, Exot. Ins. I. pi. 21, 1770. Crainor, Pap. Exot. pi. 1S.5, 1782. Faliricius, Syst. Ent. p. 481, 177.i. Ent. Syst. HI. p. 4t!, 17113. IJois. anil Lfc, p. IC?, pi. 47, 1833. Harris, Ins. Mass., p. •288, 1862. Phaetontea, Godart, Ene. Meth., IX. p. 288, pi. 38, 1819. Male. — Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side black, spotted with fulvous and pale yellow ; both wings have a marginal series of fulvous spots, those of secondaries large and bright colored, of primaries dull, often small, in which case they are rather sub-marginal ; preceding these are two common transverse rows of small yellow spots, the first mostly narrow lunules, sometimes partly wanting on primaries, or blended, more or less Avith those of the second row, which are rounded ; on primaries there is a third row, and a fourth which consists of three or four spots only against the extremity of the cell; within the arc of cell a geminate fulvous spot, and another halfway to base ; between these arc two small round yellow spots, one being next either nervnre ; near base a patch of yellow scales ; all the cellular spots vary in dis- tinctness and are often more or less obsolete. Secondaries have a fulvous patch on costal margin, -and two within the cell, these last often indistinct or wanting ; fringes black, yellow in the middle of the interspaces. Under side black, or brownish-black, the spots repeated and much enlarged ; all the marginal spots large, equal on either wing, mostly crenate or serrate, and each is surmounted by a yellow luiuile, which corresponds with a spot of the first yellow row of the upper side ; the fulvous spots in the cell large, each pair con- fluent, and the two sometimes united by a ligament of same color. Secondaries, in addition to the outer row of yellow lunules, have three rows of yellow spots, rounded or irregular, and nearly etpial ; upon the basal area six fulvous patches, between which are several small yellow spots on the black ground ; a fulvous stripe along the abdominal margin next above the angle. MELITJiA I. Body a])Ove black, the abdomen with a dorsal and lateral row of yellow points; beneath, the thorax black ; the abdomen black, with yellow at the junction of the segments, and with a fulvous stripe on either side ; the extremity also fulvous ; legs and palpi fulvous; antenna? black, slight!}- ringed with yellow on the upper side ; club black, tipped either with fulvous or with black and fulvous. Female. — Expands 2.2 inches. Primaries less produced and broader than in the male; paler colored, similarly marked. Egg. — Ob-ovate, truncated, rounded at base, flat or slightly depressed at sum- mit, smooth ; the upper third marked by from twelve to eighteen vertical ridges Avhich spring from the surface, increase in elevation as they proceed, and ter- minate at the edge of the flattened summit ; color lemon-yellow when first deposited, changing in a few days to dull crimson, and shortly before the dis- closure of the larva to black. Duration of this stage nineteen or twenty days. (Fig. b, egg magnified.) Young Larva. — Length, .08 inch ; cylindrical, translucent, luteous, each segment showing a transverse row of brown tubercles, which indicate the posi- tion of the future spines, each giving a pencil of light hairs ; legs brown, pro- legs luteous ; head broader than the body, obovate, bilobed, brown. Time to first moult six days. (Fig. e, larva magnified.) After first moult : length, .16 ; shape as before ; color dull luteous, the ex- tremities dusky ; from each tubercle arises a short black fleshy spine, which bristles with light hairs; head blackish-brown. To second moult six or seven days. (Fig. d. magnified.) After second moult : length, .3 inch ; the spines longer, the bristles larger and black ; color either ochraceous or brown, the segments at either extremity black ; head black, much covered with short black hairs. Duration of this stage nine to ton days. (Figure omitted accidentally.) After third moult : length .35 ; the spines longer, black, .shining, each spring- ing from a glossy black tubercle, the bristles radiating and interlacing ; the extreme segments black, the others dark yellow-fulvous, with black stripes ; head black. Lnmediately after this moult is completed, the larvae cease feeding and become lethai'gic, in which state they remain till the following spring. (Fig. e, larva natural size ; e^, magnified.) The fourth moult takes place a few days after animation is restored ; length, .6 inch ; scarcely changed in appearance from last stage ; color dull yellow-ful- vous. Time to next moult about ten days. (Fig. /", natural size.) After fifth moult : length, .8 inch. The growth is now rapid, and in a few days the larva reaches maturity. (Fig. g.) MELIT.EA I. Mature Larva. — Length, from LI to L3 inch; cylindrical, the extreme seg- ments smallest, the others ei^ual ; the dorsum and sides armed with seven rows of long, tapering, fleshy, hlack spines, each of which springs from a round, shin- ing, blue-black tubercle, the tubercles of each segment nearly meeting ; each spine bristling with stout black hairs ; there is also another row of similar, but much smaller spines, Ijclow the spiracles ; in this row the fourth segment has no spine, the fifth to tenth two each, in line, the eleventh one, the twelfth a tubercle without spine ; on tlie under side of the body, on fifth and sixth seg- ments, in line with the legs, is a single small tubercle, with a short, branching spine, and between the pairs of legs on the same segments are several minute tubercles, with tufts of hair from each ; the second, third, and part of fourth, and the last two or three segments black ; the others deep red-fulvous, striped trans- versely with black, one stripe running with the spines, one covering the junction of the segments, and another anterior to this last ; under side orange, with a black ventral stripe; legs black, pro-legs smoky-brown; head black, bilobed, tuberculated and covered with short black hairs. The larva; live in colonies, in webs of their own construction, imtil the hybernating period is over. Chrysalis. — Length, .8 inch ; cylindrical, with a rounded dorsal excavation below the mesonotiuu ; head case narrow, truncated, compressed transversely ; mesonotum rounded, slightly prominent at sunnnit ; abdomen and thorax fur- nished with several rows of tubercles, those of the medio-dorsal and first lateral rows prominent, pointed, the rest scarcely raised above the surface ; color vary- ing from pearl to pure white, marked and spotted with brownish-ljlack ; the tubercles orange, each marked anteriorly by a ])lack crescent ; a broad black band passes along the lower side from one extremity to tlie other, bifurcating at top of head ; an irregvdar Ixmd more or less edged with orange crosses the wing cases, and the hind margins of the wings discover brown serrations ; along the dorsum, at the posterior part of each segment, are four abbreviated black marks, set obliquely as radiating from a common centre ; between the medio-dorsal and first lateral tubercles, and between these last and the second laterals are two black dots, placed vertically on each segment, and there is also an oblique marl-c behind each of the first laterals ; other dots and marks on the head cases. (Fig. h.) Thei-e is much variation in the extent of the black bands ; some specimens also have the alxlomen largely suffused with orange. Duration of this stage from four- teen to eighteen days. This beautiful species is found as far northwai'd as the Lake of the Woods, and in the States, from Maine to Wisconsin ; also in Virginia, and the States MELIT.EA I. bordering on the Ohio River, and in Kansas. It is the only Mehttea which inhabits the Atlantic slope, though from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific the genus is numerously represented, and it is probably the only butterfly in its district whose larvie construct and pass the winter within webs. It is always local, abundant where found at all. and is usually to be seen only in the vicinity of swamps. It is of slow and sluggish flight, and alights on the leaves of shrubs and on the ground rather than on flowers. The life-history of this species was long a mj^sterj', and has only come to be understood within the last five years. In November, 1868, Mi-. Billings, Can. Ent. I., p. 28, writes that he has " accidentally discovered a locality for this rare butterfly within two miles of the city limits of Ottawa. It is in an open swamp, densely surrounded by coniferous trees which are almost impenetrable, and occupies a space of eight or ten acres. This season I watched faithfully- for the appearance of the imago, making occa- sional visits to the spot during the month of June. It was first observed on the 3d of July, and between this and the 20th I made five or six excursions, captur- ing over two hundred specimens. I seldom met them on the wing, but generally resting on the alders or ferns." And Mr. Billings states that it is not improbable that the species is double-brooded, judging from the fact that two years before he had seen a female late in xlugust or early in September, which, as will appear, must have been an exceptional occurrence. The food-plant Mr. Billings had not discovered. In a subsequent number of the same volume, page 59, I communicated some facts which I also had gathered. In May, 1868, a boy living in the neighborhood of Coalbnrgh had bi'ought me several chrysalids o£ Phaeton, part of which he had found suspended on the under side of fence rails close to a small swamp near his father's house, and said that he had seen many caterpillars on the rails. Being unable to go to the spot, I sent him back with directions to bring me caterpillars and to search for the food-plant. A few days later he returned with about eighty chrysalids and but two caterpillars, which changed immediately after I received them. He reported that the caterpillars were running over the .branches of the pawpaw bushes (Asimina triloba), though he could discover none feeding thereon, and that such as he had taken had changed to the chrysalids brought in. The fol- lowing year, 20th j\Iay, I was passing this place when my young collector told me that he had found the plant Ave had been in search of, and would show it to me. We went to the border of the swamp and he led me to a clump of Chelone glabi^a, eaten nearly to the Avater, and said that this had been black with the caterpillars a few days before. There were several other clumps in view, all much eaten, and I succeeded in finding tAVO caterpillars on one of them. This plant is common in swamps and in meadow brooks oA^er the northern part of the continent, and from a large stool sends up iiiauy fleshy stems to the height of about three feet. :\IELIT.EA I. On 22d April, 1874, I wont again to the swamp, hardly expecting to find the Chelone out ot* the ground, as the weather had been cold and veo-etation l)ack- ward. But the moment I reached the water my eye fell upon two or three of these caterpillars on the lower leaves of an isolated stem which was not more than six inches high. Near by.Avere other stems, each with one or more caterpil- lars, and so it was as far as I could distinguish the plants over the water. These larvaj were nearly mature. On the stem being jarred they instantly rolled up and dropped to the ground. Some I saw resting beneath the plants on chips or leaves. Others were running over the hummocks which projected above the sur- face of the water, moving rapidly anil throwing their heads to the right or left as if feeling their way. Two days after I visited the swamp better prepared for exploring the water, and could have brought away hundreds of the caterpillars. They were to be found wherever a plant of Chelone grew, not at all screened, but in plain sight, and wherever there were fallen trees or dead branches there were to be seen many at rest. At this larval stage this species must be subject to few enemies, and must be obnoxious to the birds which abound in swamps. Otherwise none could reach maturity, for not the least effort is made for concealment after the caterpilhu's have deserted the web, and the contrast of color with the green leaves makes them unusually consi)icuous. The only shelter sought by them is in rainy weather or from the sini when the heat is extreme, and that is attained by shift- ing to the under sides of the leaves. At difterent times up to September, 1875, I visited the .swamp, and so have be- come acquainted with the complete history of the species. On 13th June, 1875, I found three clustft on the middle of one side, and the tlireads about these wei'e doubled. To support this large web the upper part of a stem of swamp grass, which was growing in same tub, was bent down, and its broad and spreading leaves were bound over the surface, and this with the stem of Chelone was still' enough to resist the wind. After the larvae had ceased work and finally retired within the web, a slight covering was spun across the outlets, sufficient evidently to throw off water and to keep out spiders. Two or three days later, about 20th July, the third moult was pas.sed. and thenceforward the larva^ did not leave the web. biit entered on tlieir period of rest, which would endure till the following April. Watching the same stages in the swamp, the same peculiarities were to be noticed. In .some cases very large wel)s were constructed, ;uid the one repre- sented on the Plate was 11x4 inches at its extremes. In nearly all cases, assistance from other plants Avas sought to support the stem. And the com- pleted webs were not confined to Chelone but were often Ijuilt on other plants at some distance, one to three feet from the food plant. I thought at first that such })lants must also liave been eaten of by the larvae, but could find no evi- dence of it, and larva> wliich I kept meanwhile confined in glasses would eat of no leaf but Chelone. 8ix weeks later, the webs were found to be bleached white, and were weather- worn and considerably shrunken ; often distorted too l)y the growth of the plants. The effect of the shrinkage was to compress the larva^ into a hard, compact mass. On opening some of the webs, I invariably ibund a small percentage of larvae which had not passed the third moult. The condition was not that of torpidity, nor even of lethargy, for there was an immediate and general movement on the disturbance being made, and many of the larva^ would attempt to escape. I brought home some of tlu'in and placed them upon a young plant of Chelone, but they showed no disposition to feed, nor to construct another web. They ran over the leaves for a few hours till the whole plant had been thoroughly explored and then left it, betaking tliemselves to the grass. 1 made an excursion to the swamp 7tli April, 187-'). to determine, if possible, how early the caterpillars left the web ; ])ut I found them already scattered, though the food-plant was as yet scarcely above the water. Several caterpillars which I brought home were placed on a clump of the plant in a vessel of water, to prevent escape, and sticks were set to give them opportunity to rest after ,.0^ mM/^ f-^^v" /o" 3i ■f ? mi^ 6d' 7 ? j:v' „ .. f mature . a fh. n/siiJi's . PHYCIODES I., II. PHYCIODES THAROS. Phjcioiks Tharos, Drury. MARCIA, Edwanls, Trans. Am, Kiit. Soc, 11., p. 207, 1868; Id., Can. Ent., IX., p. 1, 1877. MORPHEUS, Edwards, Can. Enl., IX., p. 55, 1877. Morpheus, Fab. Syst. Ent., p. 550, 1775; Id., Ent. Syst., III., p. 155, 1793. Tharos, Drury, I., pi. 21 ?, 17. Bois. and Lee, p. 170, pi. 47 ^ (not ?), 1833. Cocyla, Cramer, II., pi. 101., figs. A., B. Pharos, Harris, Ins. Mass., 2d ed,, p. 289, 1862. Aberr. PacLanlii, Saunders, in Tackard's Guidf, p. 256. Form MARCIA. Male. — Expands 1.') inch. Upper side red-fulvous, banded and reticulated with black ; the hind margin of primaries broadly Ijordered with black, through which runs a crenated line, or series of nari'ow crescents, either yellow- or red-fulvous, the one in ujjper median interspace large, the others often ob.solete ; within the anterior edge of the border is a series of nearly equal and often contluent fulvous spots, extending from sub-costal to sub-median nervure, the lower spot sometimes pupillated with black ; next beyond is a Inoad, sinuous, fulvous band, sometimes macular ; from the costa a subtriangular black patch covers the end of the cell, and is connected by an oblique line with a smaller patch on middle of inner mai'gin ; within the arc of cell is a black spot with interior fulvous spot or stripe ; in the middle of cell a double ring, and another below cell ; and at base of and below cell rounded black spots. Secondaries have a black border of nearly even width, extending round outer angle, and inclosing near its anterior edge a yellowish crenated line, often mac- ular, and sometimes quite obsolete ; beyond is a series of seven large fulvous spots, each pupillated with black, the upper spot nearly or quite lost on the black ground at outer angle ; these are edged by a black line, almost always in- terrupted on the discoidal and upper median interspaces ; remainder of wing fulvous, the base black, and the outer portion of the basal area limited by black, irregularly chain-shaped spots, within which are similar spots crossing the middle PHYCIODES I., II. of cell ; there is great variation, however, in the extent of the black surface, the bands and lines often being so heavy as to render the surface of both wings !ar£!:ely black ; in others the basal and extra-discal markings are small and at- tenuated, the reticulations distinct ; fringes black mixed with cinereous, and sometimes with a little white at apex of primaries. Under side of primaries pale fulvous, dull yellow on costa and at apex, bright yellow on middle of hind margin ; often also a lilaceous tint suffuses the margin ; the rest of the margin brown ; a submarginal ferruginous crenated line crosses the entire wing and at the apex is a second similar and anterior to the other ; at the inner angle is a large black patch ; the patches on costa and inner margin repeated, reduced ; and a second one on costa half way from cell to apex ; the outlines of the spots on basal area are seen indistinctly. Under side of secondaries has the hind margin bordered by a double crenated line, making a complete series of long and narrow submarginal crescents, of which the middle one is most conspicuous ; on the extra-discal area a series of small brown spots, corresponding to the pupils of the fulvous spots above ; the basal area limited on the middle of the disk by two irregular lines, partly wavy, partly angular, and differing much in individuals, forming a transverse band more or less pronounced ; anterior to these are several other wavy lines to base ; all these usually ferruginous, sometimes brown ; a brown cloud covers more or less of the marginal area ; on middle of costal margin a brown or ferruginous patch, and another on disk, both often nearly obsolete ; the ground color of the wing varies much, being sometimes deep yellow, sometimes buff, or brown, or brown with much white over basal area, with more or less of a lilac tint ; some- times the whole wing is tinted with ferruginous. Body above black ; beneath, thorax and abdomen white, the latter yellowish at extremity ; legs fulvous, the inner side of the femora white ; palpi white at base, buff above, black on upper side ; antenna? black, gray beneath, and ringed with white ; club black tipped with fulvous. Female. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.7 inch. Upper side very much as in the male, varying in similar manner, but never so denuded of black as is often seen in the male ; in many examples the sinuous discal band of primaries is yellow-ochraceous instead of fulvous, and the spots of the outer series are partially pupillated. The under side shows similar variations to that of the male, but more extreme, the coloration being more intense, the band more distinct, and the dark areas more extended. The ornamentation of the under side of secondaries indicates at least four principal varieties of this form of the species, distinct at the extremes in both sexes, and with many intergrades. The variation of primaries and of upper PHYCIODES I., II. surface is less extreme and is not sufficiently distinctive, and therefore the sec- ondaries alone may be used in characterization. Var. A. The marginal cloud and costal patch wanting ; the basal area sil- vered or white, perhaps a little discolored at extremity of cell ; the crescents silvered or white ; extra-discal area yellow-brown. (Figs. 1, 2 (?.) Yar. B. The larger part of the wing dark brown, but usually the discal band is unobscured or nearly so, and is white and conspicuous, as is also the costal mar- gin next base and at outer angle ; except at this angle the crescents obscured. (Fig. 3 c?;4, 5 9.) Var. C. In the male, the ground is either bright ochrey-yellow throughout, the Ijand and basal area not differing from the area beyond the disk, with a marginal cloud, and a large brown spot on the disk (Fig. 9) ; or the ochre-yellow is slightly obscured over the disk and outer limb, and the spaces between the reticulated lines are partly yellow, partly feint white. (Fig. 6.) The discal spot varies much in shape, being sometimes a transverse bar, somethnes a lon- gitudinal one limited to the cell (Fig. G), or perhaps a triangular patch (Fig. 8). In the female, primaries have the hind margin largely covered with bright yel- low ; secondaries either bright or deep ochraceous, the band and spaces variegated with faint white and yellow, delicately tinted with brown on the disk, the cres- cents white or silvered Avhere not covered by the cloud. (Fig. 7.) Var. D. This variety runs into the summer form of the species, the ground being either bright or deep yellow, or inclined to buft', sometimes with a red- dish tint ; in the male, the reticulations are less distinct, the band always lost in the ground color, the cloud small, narrow, and dark colored, often concealing the crescents on middle of margin ; on the disk a small brown patch and a slight one on costal margin ; often one or both these are wanting. (Figs. 12, li.) In the female the reticulations are strong, ferruginous, the cloud and both discal and costal patches conspicuous. (Fig. 13.) This female resembles the female of Var. B of the summer form more than it does its own male. There are nu- merous intergrades between B and C, C and D, but want of space prevents my illustrating more than one of them, — C D. (Figs. 10, 11.) Form MORPHEUS. Same size as Marcia in both sexes, and not distinguishable on the upper side, varying in same manner. On the under side of primaries, the male has the mar- gin ornamented with dark brown and yellow, the black patches large and in- tense, the groimd pale fulvous. Secondaries have the ground yellow-buflT, but varying somewhat in individuals, the reticulations ferruginous, slight, often more or less obsolete, and no costal or discal patch, though sometimes there is a slight PHYCIODES I., II. discoloration at the end of the cell ; the marginal cloud narrow and dark, con- cealing the crescents ; at the angles the crescents are of the color of the ground ; in sonip examples the middle crescent on the cloud is silvered ; in some also the cloud is reduced to a mere shade along the margin. There is little variation in the male, but much in the female. Some of these are like the male, the reticu- lated lines stronger, and a slight costal patch present ; the cloud as in the male. I designate this variety as A. (Figs. 1, 2.) Var. B has the lines heavy, the costal patch conspicuous and dark, and a similar but larger one on middle of disk ; the cloud diiFuse. (Fig. 3.) This resembles Var. D, J[fama. Many examples of the summer brood of Morpheus are very melanic on upper side, especially those from the Catskill Mountains ; the black being intense, while the discal band on primaries is pale yellow. (Fig. 4.) A third variety, C, I have received from both Georgia and Texas, taken in May and August. On the upper side the fulvous is bright ; the lines are fine and the meshes open ; on the under side, secondaries are without patch or cloud, any dark shade being limited to the middle crescents on the edge of the margin ; the submai'ginal lines on both wings dark and heavy, and the reticulations either faint or obsolete. (Fig. 5.) I have not observed this variety in more northern examples. Egg. — Conoidal, ti-uncated, depressed at summit, rounded at base, the lower half indented like a thimble, the excavations being shallow aiid arranged in close and regular rows; the upper half .smooth, with about fifteen slightly raised ver- tical ribs, terminating at the rim above ; color pale green. (Figs, a, c^, magni- fied.) Duration of this st^age four to seven days. Young Laeya. — Length .06 inch ; cylindrical, largest anteriorly, the seg- ments each well-rounded ; sparsely jiilose, the hairs black, and on the anterior segments directed forward ; color yellow-green clouded with brown ; head obo- vate, deeply cleft; pilose ; color dark brown. (Fig. 6, magnified.) Duration of this stage five to six days. After first moult: length .1 inch ; cylindrical, stoutest in the middle segments; armed with seven rows of short, fleshy, brown spines, each thickly set with short, concolored bristles ; there is also at the base of body a row of small spines, sim- ilar to the others, one on each segment from the thii-d, and over the pro-legs two on each ; on the second segment a dorsal collar, with minute spines ; body striped longitudinally with light and dark brown and sordid white ; the dorsum light brown edged with white, and on this brown area two interrupted white streaks ; on the side a dark brown stripe on light ground, and in line Avith the lower lateral spines a white ridge ; under side, feet and legs brown ; head sub- cordate, the vertices rounded, and across each a gray band ; another gray band PHYCIODES I., II. on front lower face ; color shining black. (Fig. c, magnified.) Duration of this stage five to six clays. After second moult : length .22 inch ; same shape ; the stripes almost the same, the white dull, the brown darker ; a whitish line runs with the dorsal row of spines, which are light in color with l)rown tips ; the first laterals are also light and stand on a whitish stripe ; the second laterals on a broad, dark stripe, and are almost black ; the lower laterals, on a white ridge, are white ; the spines "thickly set with short, straight bristles, standing at a high angle, and dark tipped ; under side dark brown ; head sub-cordate, dark brown and black, with a white spot on each vertex, and one on front lower face. (Fig. d, magnified.) To third moult in summer, three days. Where the larva passed the third moult in the fall the interval was from seven to fourteen days. After third fall moult : length ..3 inch ; the dorsum light brown edged with fiiint white at the first lateral row of spines, the brown area showing two macu- lar white streaks ; below same spines a black stripe, after which the side is brown with a white stripe in line with lower laterals ; head sub-cordate, shining black, with a gray, illy-defined spot on each vertex, and another on side of face. (Figs e, e", magnified.) At this stage the larva becomes lethargic. After fourth moult in spring : length .44 inch ; color yellow-brown dotted with sordid wdiite ; the spines short, stout, yellowish at l)ase, brown above ; the bristles .short, divergent, brown tipped with black ; along the dorsal I'ow a IjJack stripe, a yellow one in line with first laterals, macular, irregular, and a yellow band with lower laterals ; head small, cordate, shining black or lironze, with a few black hairs ; across each vertex a narrow j^ellow bar, a yellow triangular spot on front lower face connecting at the lower angle with a curved bar which run.s to the back of head. To next moult ten days. After fifth and last moult in spring : length .G inch ; to maturity eight days. Mature Larva in spring. Length .85 • inch ; color blackish-brown, dotted, especially on dorsum, with yellow ; the spines more tapering than at last stage ; stout at base and there mostly yellowish ; the bristles brown, black-tipped ; on dorsimi a black stripe, often wanting ; with first laterals a yellow stripe, and a band of same color next below third laterals ; in some examples there is a black stripe between the two upper lateral rows ; head cordate, shining bronze with black hairs ; across each vertex a narrow whiti.sh bar, thickened at the front and bluntly barbed on outer side ; in front a triangular spot connecting at the lower angle with a sickle-shaped bar on the side. After third moult in summer : length .45 inch ; color olive-brcwn, the dor- sum much specked and dotted with dull white ; a stripe of this color in lino PHYCIODES I., II. with first laterals, and a band below spiracles, above which is another band less distinct, whitish and macular ; the spines brown, light tipped, many with yellow or orange bases, the bristles black ; head cordate, bronze ; a straight, silvery l)ar across each vertex, a triangular white spot in front connected with a curved white line at the side. To next moult three to five days. After fourth and last moult : length .80 inch. Mature Larva in summer. Length .95 inch ; color dark brown, dotted with yellow and striped with yellow and black, the yellow always dull ; armed with seven rows of spines, one dorsal and three on either side, besides smaller and simi- lar spines at base of body, one on each segment from the third, and over the pro-legs two on each ; the spines stout, tapering, dark brown, partly white-tipped, those of the upper and lower lateral rows more or less orange-tinted at base, each beset with many straight, black bristles ; next below first laterals a blackish stripe edged on the dorsal side by yellow, and in line with the lower laterals a yellow ridge ; head cordate, either black or bronze, shining ; on each vertex a cordate yellow spot, and on each side a sickle-shaped stripe. (Fig. /, nat. size ; f^, head magnified;/^, section of side.) Duration of this stage four to six days. Chrysalis. — Length .50 to .55 inch ; cylindi-ical, thickest at ninth and tenth segments ; head case narrow, excavated at the sides, nearly square at top, there Ijeing a slight depression in middle ; the mesonotum modei'ately prominent, com- pressed at summit, followed by a deep excavation ; the anterior edges of the last four segments of the abdomen prominent, especially that of the foremost, which is develoj^ed into a conspicuous ridge ; on the abdomen several rows of fine tu- bercles, two of which are prolonged and terminate on the mesonotum ; the color varies much, being light cinereous throughout, covered with fine abbreviated brown streaks ; or cinereous on dorsum, the abdomen and wing cases tinted with yellow-brown ; or dull white mottled on dorsum with brown and clouded wdth same color elsewhere ; or wholly dark brown, specked with gray ; often- a row of light dots is seen at tlie ends of the nervules of the wings, and a similar row parallel, a short distance within. Many chrysalids of the summer broods are marked by black patches on abdomen and wing cases, the ground being brown, but in the spring the usual color is cinereous. (Fig. g.) Duration of this stage from six to thirteen days, unless retarded by cold. The earliest formed chrys- alids of the hybernating larva? gave imago 15th May, after thirteen days ; later in the month, after eleven; chrysalids of July, in West Virginia, after seven days ; of August, six ; in Catskill Mountains, 1st September, after twelve, and in same district, chrysalids formed middle of September gave imago at twenty-nine or thirty days. Tharos is one of our most widely distributed butterflies, ranging from 54°, in PHYCIODES I., II. British Columbia, and 52° in Labrador, at least as far south as Mexico and the Gulf States, and from the Atlantic to Montana and Colorado. I am not aware that it has been taken in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, but Mr. Crotch Ibund it in British Columbia, at Lake Lahache. From Labrador and Antieosti Mr. Couper brought many examples. Like the allied species, Tharos frequents meadows and open country, flying slowly, with tremulous motion, for short distances and from flower to flower. Li the early summer the males as- semble by hundreds about wet places, keeping company, m West Vri'ginia, with Nydels, and in the Gulf States with Pliaon and Vesta. It is one of the most varialile of species, and besides the two distinct forms, winter and summer, under which it manifests itself, has a tendency to branch ofl" into varieties and sub- varieties, several of the first being well characterized. This peculiarity was no- ticed by Drury, more than a hundred years ago, and he says, " In short, nature forms such a variety of this species that it is difficult to set bounds, or to know all that belongs to it." Both Phaon and Batesii appear to have formerly passed as varieties of Tharos. In 1868, 1 described, as a distinct species, another of the hitherto supposed varieties, calling it Marcia. It seemed to be a wide-spread species, flying earlier in the season than the typical Tharos, and differed from it in many respects. But there were such resemblances also to Tharos that it was not possible to determine its specific value, unless the butterflies could be bred from the egg, and as yet the food-jDlant of the larva?, and the larva? themselves, of both Marcia and Tharos were unknown. But, in 1875, the food-plant was dis- covered by Mr. Mead. He states, in Can. Ent. VII., p. 161, that he planted in a large l^ox specimens of all the common Composita? which he could bring to- gether, covered the box with gauze, and introduced a number of females of this .species. A few days later, on examining the leaves, he found eggs deposited on Aster Nova-Anglia?, and on no other plant. Thereupon he transferred such fe- males as were still hving to a smaller box with fresh asters, and obtained several clusters of eggs. This happened in the mouth of July, near the last of the month, at Hunter, N. Y., among the Catskill Mountains, and as I reached the same place at that time, I saw the arrangement and received from Mr. Mead a cluster of the eggs. Others I obtained myself by confining the females in bags over the aster stems. The larva? from these eggs were brought by me to Coal- burgh, and as I was some days on the way, I found that they would eat the leaves of any species of aster, even German asters from the garden. And be- yond these jolants I now know of none upon which they will feed. After pass- ing two moults, and about 4th September, the larva? all became lethargic, and gathered in cluster on the cover of the glass in which I kept them. Two weeks later, part of them were again active and fed for a day or two, when these once PHYCIODES L, II. more formed a cluster and presently passed their third moult, after which they became lethargic. I put them in the cellar, and there they remained till 7th February, when such as were alive were placed on the leaves of an aster in the greenhouse. The same day some were feeding. They all passed two more moults before maturity. Probably those larvae which had moulted twice only in the autumn died during the winter, as I found this to be the case in the winter of 1877-78. The first chrysalis was formed 5th May, and its butterfly emerged on 18th, or after thirteen days. Another emerged 30th, after eight days, this stage being shortened as the weather became warmer. There resulted eight buttei'flies, all Marcia, of the varieties designated B and C. This then settled the position of Marcia as a dimorphic form of the species. . The first individuals seen by me in the field at Coalburgh were three males Marcia, 18th May, and a week later both sexes were common. On 26th, I took seven females, all distinctly Marcia, and tied them up in separate bags, on stems of aster. The next day six of the seven had laid eggs, the clusters varying from about fifty to two hundred and twenty-five eggs each. They were always laid on the leaves, and usually on the under side of them, in rows nearly or quite straight, and touching each other. In the larger clusters the layers were three deep. These gave hundreds of caterpillars, and each brood was kept sepa- rate. The butterflies began to emerge 29th June, the several stages being thus : egg six days, larva twenty-two, chrysalis five. There were four moults and no more, but much irregularity in every larval stage, so that some of the butterflies did not emerge till 15th July. Just after these larvae hatched I went to the Catskills, taking on6 brood with me, and they reached chrysalis there, and in that stage were mailed to Coallmrgh whither I returned by the time the butterflies were emerging. There was no perceptible difference in the length of the sev- eral periods of this brood and the others which had been left at home, and none of either lot became lethargic. The butterflies from these eggs of May, with a single exception, were of the summer form, or the typical Tharos, which, for convenience, I designate as IforjyJieus. This was the second generation of the season, counting the one which proceeded from the hybernating larvae as the first. On 16th July, at Coalburgh, I again obtained eggs from several females, this time all Morjjheus, as no other form was flying. The eggs hatched in four days, the larval stage was twenty-two, and chrysalis seven ; but as before, many larvae lingered.' The first butterfly emerged 18th August. All were Moj'jjheus, and none of the larvae had been lethargic. This was the third generation in succes- sion, and from the second laying of eggs. On 15th August, at Coalburgh, I again obtained eggs from a single Morpheus PHYCIODES I., II. and took them directly to the Catskills, where they hatched just as I arrived, 20th. This was the fourth generation of the season from the third laying of eggs. Tiie weather in Virginia had been excessively hot, and so I found it on the journey; but on reaching the mountains it was cool, and the nights decidedly cold. Two days after my arrival the mercury stood at sunrise at 40^ Far. Sep- tember was a wet and cold mouth, and I protected the larva? in a warm room at night, and much of the time by day, for they will not feed when the tempera- ture is less than about 50°. The first chrysalis was formed 15th September, twenty-six days from the hatching of the larva?, and others at different dates up to the 2Gth September, or thirty-seven days from the egg. Forty per cent, of this brood, or fifty-two larva? out of one hundred and twenty-seven, became lethargic after second moult. I entered in my journal as follows: "16th Sep- tember, fifly-two larvae have ceased feeding at second moult." " 26th Septem- ber, fully one half of the larva? which had ceased feeding at second moult began to feed again, after resting a few days, and have now passed third moult." After which they became lethargic and so remained. I was surprised at finding in the summer that the broods then had but four moults, as I satisfied myself by repeated tests, in each brood, inasmuch as I had noted three fall moults in some cases, and two in the spring, in the larvae of 1875. But later observa- tions confirm the fact that both this species and Nydeis pass five larval moults in the winter brood, and but four in any summer brood. I returned to Coalburgh loth October, and till I reached this place the weather on the way was cold, with several frosty nights. So that for a period of thirty days, the chrysalids had at no time been exposed to warmth. The day I arrived the butterflies began to emerge, and before the end of a week all that were living had come forth, namely, nine males, ten females. Of these nine males, tour were changed to Marcla, Var. C, three were D, and two were not changed at all. Of the ten females, eight were changed, five of them to Var. B, three to C. The other two females were not dift'erent from many examples of the summer brood, having large discal patches on under side of hind wings, besides the markings common to that brood. Ten of the chrysalids I mailed from the Catskills to Mr. Lintner, at Albany, N. Y., asking him to keep them in a cool place until the butterflies should emerge. Between 21st October and 2d November, these gave six butterflies, all females and all Marcla, Var. B. Eighteen of the chrysalids I had placed in an ice-house, at Hunter, 20th September, laying them in a tin box directly on the surfiice of the ice, the tem- perature being 40°, with little variation. Part were so placed within thx'ee hours after the forming of the chrysalis, and before they had hardened ; others within PHYCIODES I., 11. six hours, and others within nine hours ; and so all remained for seven days, that being the longest summer period of the chrysalis. On removing them from the ice they seemed to me dead. They were soft, and when they became hard had a shriveled surface. I brought them to Coalburgh, and discovered no sign of life till 21st October, when the weather suddenly became hot, the mer- cury rising to 87°, with a south wind. In two days fifteen butterflies emerged, every one Marcia, not a doubtful form among them in either sex. There were ten males, five females ; of the former, five were of Var. C, four of D, one of B. Of the five females, one was Var. C, four of B. The other three chrysalids were dead. All the butterflies of this brood were diminutive, starved by the cold ; but those from the ice were sensibly smaller than the others. The ex- amples of Var. B were intense in the coloring of the under surfoce, and the single male was as deeply colored as the females, which I have never seen in nature. The examples of the other varieties were extreme, but not so unusual. So much for the Coalburgh broods, and I was able to compare their behavior with those of the same species in the Catskills. When I went thither in June, arriving on the 18th, I found a few male Marcia, Var. D, flying, no females. This was exactly one month later than the first males had been seen at Coal- burgh. The first female was taken 26th .June, and on 27th and 28th I took one each day, all of them 3Iarcia, C. No more were seen, and no Iforpheus, though' I was daily in the fields. So that the first female was thirty-eight days later than the first at Coalburgh. These three females I set on aster, and two forth- with deposited eggs. The eggs were mailed to Coalburgh, and, returning soon after, I found that they had hatched, 3d July. The first moult occurred on the 9th, the second on 12th, the thii-d on 15th, the fourth on 18th, and the first chrysalis was formed on 20th, its butterfly emerging 29th July. So that the periods were, egg six, larva seventeen, chrysalis nine days. Five per cent, of this brood became lethargic after second moult. This was the second generation of the butterfly of the sea- son, from the first laying of eggs. All the emerging butterflies were 3Iorj)heus, no Marcia, and all wei'e characterized by an intense blackness of the dark jjor- tions of the wings, as compared with any Coalburgh examples. Also nearly all the females showed the discal band on upper fore wings yellow instead of fulvous (Fig. 4). (This last peculiarity, the change in the band, appeared in some of the females of the third Coalburgh generation, but no other.) On the under side, the reticulated lines were unusually heavy, and the marginal cloud and brown patches largely extended and deep colored. This second generation was just one month behind the second at Coalburgh. So far only could I trace the Catskill generation this year ; but as, in 1875, Mr. PHYCIODES I., II. Mead obtained eggs on the 27th July and following days, the larvte from which all hybernated, that would be the second laying of eggs of the season, and the resulting butterflies the first generation of the following year. The foregoing Coalburgh observations were supplemented liy others in Au- gust, 1877. Between 14th and 20th, I obtained three lots of eggs, from which the larvte in due time emerged. Those of the first all went on to maturity, giv- ing butterflies after middle of September, the last emerging 2Gth. But of the other two lots all became lethargic. The reason for this difterence I could not conjecture. It certainly was not owing to any change in the weather. In the field tlie species was abundant from loth to 25th August (this being the third brood of the year).- But one month later, when the fourth brood should be fly- ing, examples were remarkably scarce. In fixct, I did not see more than a dozen. On 23d, I took one male, two females ; one of the last was fresh from chrysalis and a fine Marcia, Var. C, such as I take here in the spring. The other two were the summer form of the species. On 2Gth, I took a female and set on as- ter. She laid about twenty-five eggs and all proved infertile. It would seem, therefore, that in this district, part of the larva) from eggs laid by females of the third brood, middle of August, hybernate, and that the butterflies of the next spring proceed from such larva; only, no larvaj of any preceding brood having been known to hj'bernate. But a part of the larva3 of this third brood go on to maturity and produce butterflies last of September. Some of these may lay fertile eggs, but only in a very mild October could the larvoB from them mature, or their butterflies appear, and the geuorations could certainly go no further. But at the south, in the Gulf States, this fourth brood (there probably the fifth, owing to the interpolation of a brood in the spring) no doubt does mature, and its but- terflies produce larvte which hybernate ; for fresh examples of the butterfly are taken in October and November, in Georgia and Texas. Of several received from Mr. Boll, taken in November, one was a female 3Iarcia, C, the others being of the summer form. There seems to be some tendency to a premature disclosure of the winter form in the last months of the year, such as is known in case of Colias Eurytheme. The same thing has been noticed in Phyciodes Phaon also. At Coalburgh, therefore, there are three full generations, the first of whicli is Marcia, the second and third Morpheus, and the larvaj from the third in part hybernate. But those larva) whicli go on to maturity produce the fourth gen- eration of the butterfly, which is a partial one, and practically infertile. And in the Catskills, the species is digoneutic, there being two generations annually, the first of which is Marcia and the other 3Iorpheus, and a certain porportion of the larvae proceeding from the first hybernate, so far as appears, and all those from PHYCIODES I., II. the second.^ In a high latitude, or at a high altitude, we might then expect to find this sjDecies mouogoneutic, and restricted probably to the winter form Marcia. And this is precisely what does occur in the island of Anticosti, and on the southern coast of Labrador. Mr. Couper, who has collected on the island, in- forms me that he saw no examples later than 29th June, and expresses the opinion that no butterflies in Anticosti or Labrador produce a second brood. The summer is very short, and before the end of July the weather becomes cold. Of Tharos from Anticosti I received fourteen males, eight females. All the former were Marcia, Var. D ^ of the females, seven were D, one C. Of eleven males, two females, from Labrador, all were D. Of two examples from Lake Lahache, British Columbia, latitude 54°, the male is Marcia, D, the female C. Of four males from Colorado, all were Marcia, D ; of two females one was D, the other C. On the other hand, I have received large numbers from southern Georgia, with the dates of capture ; several from North Carolina, taken by Mr. Morrison ; and many from middle Texas, from Mr. Boll. Those from Carolina were of the first two broods of the year, and the earliest were all Marcia, C. From Georgia the winter examples were Marcia, B and C. Mr. Boll sent examples of five successive broods, beginning with February and ending with November. The butterflies of the earliest brood were Marcia, B. All of the summer form were very dark above, the black intense, the fulvous deep red, and some of the mid- summer males had the upper side lightly reticulated and the under side of the hind wings almost clear from markings of any sort. (Var. C, Fig. 5.) This vari- ety appeared also in tlie examples from Georgia. A similar variety appears in the summer form of Phaon. The Texas Tharos are of small size, like those from the extreme north. I have raised an immense number of Tharos larva? from the egg to the but- terfly. The eggs are obtained with the greatest .facility, and are laid almost im- mediately after the female leaves the chrysalis. The larvre at all stages are hardy, and have not suffered from confinement. In their natural state they are at no period protected by a web, but are exposed and have no shelter beyond what the leaf over them affords. They are sluggish, differing greatly from the larvae of Nycteis in this respect, and a pretty sharp jar is necessary to cause them to drop from the leaf This they do in a coil, protected by their bristling spines from all harm. When about to moult they cease feeding, collect in groups, ^ This habit of lethargy is serviceable in a two-brooded species, in a mountain region, and exposed to sharp changes of temperature. If the fate of the species depended on the last larval brood of the .year, and especially if the larviE must reach a certain st.age of growth before they were fitted to enter on their hyberna- tion, it might happen that an early frost or a tempestuous season would destroy all the larva; of the brood. PHYCIODES I., II. and rest nearly immovable for thirty-six hours. The body contracts, and as the time for the moult approaches, the skin becomes glassy, as it separates from the newly formed skin beneath. The new spines lie folded down and back, and as the old skin, after splitting behind the head, is shuffled past the successive seg- ments, the spines and pencils of bristles suddenly spring up, and the latter in- stantly become divergent. For some moments the old mask adheres to the new face, but the larva presently proceeds to rub it off with its feet. When the larva prepares for chrysalis, it spins a button of white silk, and hangs suspended for about twenty-four hours, its position being nearly circular. Dr. Aug. Weismann, in his essay, " Ueber den Saison-Dimorphismus der Schmet- terlinge," Leipsic, 1875, relates the history of experiments made by him with the view of determining the fxcts concerning seasonal dimorphism ; and experimenting on chrysalids of Pieris JVapi, which presents itself under both a winter and sum- mer form, and upon Vanessa Leuana, which is the winter form, and Prorsa, the summer form of one and the same species, he found that by aj^plication of cold of the temperature 33° Far., to the chrysalids of the summer brood, the result- ing butterflies could be changed more or less completely from the summer to the winter form, and yet emerge the same season, but that it was not possible to constrain the winter into the summer form by the application of heat. And he concludes that this artificial change is based upon a reversion to the original form of the species, or atavism, which is most readily called out by cold ; that is, by means of the same outside influence to which the original form was exposed through a long period of time, and the continuance of which has preserved in the winter form, to this day, the primitive markings and color. The arising of the summer form he believes to have occurred thus : During the so-called ice period, the summer was short and cool, and the existing butterflies could pro- duce only one generation in a year. As the climate gradually became warmer, a period must have come on in which the summer lasted so long that a second generation could be interpolated. The chrysalids of Levana, which had hitherto slept through the long wiuter, could now, during the same summer in which they as larvae had hatched, fly as butterflies. There had come to be a state of things in which one generation grew up under very different climatic influences from the other, and gradually the difference which now exists between the two arose bv the changing; of the summer form. When the summer became longer, a third generation coifld be interpolated, so that two summer generations alternated with one winter. Dr. Weismann further states that individuals of the Pr-orsa (summer) form sometimes emerge very late in the year (like those of the fourth brood of PHYCIODES I., II. Tharos which appeal- at Coalburgh, as I have stated), and that if the summer was lengthened by a month or two, these could lay the foundation of another summer generation. The experiments related led me to try the effect of cold on chrysalids of the forms Walshii and Telamonides of Papilio Ajax, in 1875 and 1876. These are both winter forms, and from their chrysalids either the summer form IfarceUus would have issued in a few days, or in case any chrysalis passed the winter, as happens to some extent in every brood of this species, either Walshii or Tela- monides would have issued the next spring. The result was that a large propor- tion of the chrysalids subjected to cold yielded butterflies the same season, and nearly all these were changed to the winter form Telamonides. Where the cold was continuous (about 40°), the change was complete ; where it was insufiicient and intermittent, the change was partial, individual butterflies blending pecu- liarities of the summer and l)oth the winter forms. The experiments made on Tharos, in 1876, I have stated. The following year I brought to Coalburgh, from the Catskills, eggs obtained from 3Iarcia. The chrysalids therefrom I placed in an ice-chest, at intervals of from ten minutes to some hours after they were formed. For twenty days they were subjected to a temjjerature of 33° Far., when all were removed. They were divided into three lots, the first containing all which were exposed to cold at from one to nine hour's after forming, the second at from thirty to sixty minutes, and the third at from ten to twenty minutes. But I afterwards discovered that in this last lot were three chrysalids which were two days old before exposure. The butterflies began to emerge on the seventh day, and by the ninth all had emerged that were alive. Of the first lot (exj^osure one to nine hours after forming), there emerged nine butterflies, 5(? 49. The males were Marcia, D, and, though vary- ing much on tlieir under surfaces, were all like examples of Marcia taken in the Catskills. Of the females, two were good examples of Marcia, C, but the other two were suffused, the colors having run together, so that the definite markings of the species were lost; also the upper surfiices were more or less hoary. (Figs. 9, 10.) Of the second lot (exposure thirty to sixty minutes), emerged five fe- males, no males. Three were very little if at all changed, but the other two were suffused, though to a less degree than those before mentioned. (Figs. 7, 8, 9.) Of the third lot (exposure ten to thirty minutes, but with three chrysalids at two days), there emerged two females only. One of these was not distinguish- al:)le from the summer form, but the other was a fine example of Marcia B, the under side of the hind wings being largely melanized. Figs. 11, 12, represent the butterfly described by Mr. Saunders as Melitxea Packardii ; but it is evidently a suffused Tharos, of the same character as those PHYCIODES I., II. produced artificially. It was taken at Grimsby, Ontai-io, and probably owes its peculiarities to its chrysalis having been* frozen soon after it formed. That such examples are not frequently seen on the wing may be partly due to the ftict that chrysalids of tender age subjected to severe cold are usually killed by it. Fig. 13 is the likeness of an aberration sent me by Professor Garman, and taken at Normal, Illinois. Dorfmeister, who experimented on the eiiect of cold upon the chrysalids of butterflies, as related by Dr. Weismann, was led to believe that temperature ex- erts the greatest influence during the turning into chrysalis, but nearly as much shortly after that time. By my experiments it would appear unnecessary that cold should be applied before the chrysalis has fully hardened in order to effect a change of form, and this requires a longer or shorter time in different species, but never more than a few hours. In 1S7G, the chrysalids of Tharos, which were exjDOsed at from six to nine hours after forming, changed as completely as those at from tliree to six houi's. In 1877, all which were exposed at from one to nine hours changed, while some which were exposed at from thirty to sixty minutes were not changed at all, though others were. The turning-point is evi- dently not at or immediately after the forming of the chrysalis. The cold com- pletely retards the development of the butterfly, and at least the full natural chrysalis period passes after removal from ice before the butterfly emerges. This has happened in eveiy case under observation, even when from insufficient or intermittent cold no change of form has resulted. The change of form seems to be almost wholly a matter of coloration, for the shape of the wings is not altered. The natural shape of Weds Jill is quite difler- ent from that of MarceUus, but when the latter by application of cold is forced to assume the markings of Walshil, it retains its own shape nevertheless. In the other species experimented on there is no diflerence in shape between the winter and summer forms. The coloring process in all chrysalids does not set in till just before the butterfly emerges, no matter how protracted the pupal period. It may be days or weeks, and in the case of over-wintering chrysalids, it is many months. On removing one of the wing cases, soon after the chrysalis is formed, the wing is seen to be a delicate, transparent, colorless membrane, ci'ossed by white veins. Very gradually this membrane thickens, losing its transparency, and becomes of a dull white. A few hours, or one or two days, before the close of the period, it grows darker, then a faint discoloration comes on, and the pat- tern begins to show itself, the colors becoming strong and the markings well- defined as the disclosure is about to take place. On removing the wing case from a chrysalis just oft' ice, the wing presents itself in its colorless and trans- parent stage ; that is, the development has been arrested by the cold, and the PHYCIODES I., II. chrysalis apparently comes out of, in precisely the same condition as it went into, its cold bath. Nevertheless, during the subjection to cold, some change has taken place, by which the coloration of one of two dimorphic forms of the butterfly has been made to appear rather than the other. As to the degree of cold necessary to effect a change of form, it need not be extreme, or so low as the freezing point. The most successful changes, with lit- tle loss of life, have been eflected when the temperature was about 40°. The steady coolness of the natural temperature on the last chrysalids at Hunter, in 1876, effected a complete change of form. A freezing temperature has resulted in the running of the colors to a considerable extent, and a few butterflies changed without suffusion, but the loss was very heavy. In 1878, I placed twenty-six chrysalids of Grapta Inierrorjatioms on ice, keeping them at 32°j for an average period of fifteen days, and every one was destroyed. At the same time, however, chrysalids of Ajax were in the box, and most of them survived the exposure, though up to the date of this writing, now forty-one days after they were removed from the ice, only three butterflies have emerged. One of these was exposed in chrysalis at full three days after forming, and is changed to Telamonides ; and the other two, exposed at less than twelve hours after form- ing, are Walshii in markings, with the shape of 3farce^us. Of the four principal varieties of the winter form of Tharos, A appears to be an offset of B, in the direction most remote from the summer form, just as Walshii is on the further side of Telamonides, remote from the summer form Marcellus. On the contrary, C leads from B through D, directly to the sum- mer form. Var. B may be nearest the primitive type of the species. Be- sides that this has appeared constantly in the butterflies changed by cold, it predominates in this region over the other varieties. Moreover, its distinctive peculiarity of color is seen in the nearly allied species Phaon and Vesta, both which are seasonally dimorphic, and seem to be restricted in their winter forms to the single phase denoted by B in 3Iarcia. And in their summer generations both these species have a close resemblance to the summer Tharos, even to the peculiar variety C of this foi'm, which is found in all three. It is notice- able that these three species should be seasonally dimorphic, with the forms so resembling each other, while the other species of Phyciodes inhabiting the Atlan- tic slope show no especial difference between their winter and summer genera- tions. The significance of these phenomena I take to be this : when Phaon and Vesta and Tharos were as yet only varieties of one species, the sole coloration was sim- ilar to that now common to the three. As they gradually became permanent, or in other words, as these varieties became species, Tharos was giving rise to sev- PHYCIODES I., II. eral sub-varieties, some of them in time to become distinct and well marked, while the other two, Phaon and Vesta, remained constant. As the climate mod- erated and the summer became longer, each species came to have a summer gen- eration ; and in these the resemblance of blood-relationship is still manifest. As the winter generations of each species had been much alike, so the summer gen- erations sprung from them were much alike. And if we consider the metropolis of the species Tharos, or perhaps the parent species back of that, at the time when it had but one annual generation, to have been somewhere between latitudes 37^ and -40', on the Atlantic slope, and within which limits all the varieties and sub-varieties of both winter and summer forms of Tharos are now found in luxuriance, we can see how it is possible, as the gla- cial cold receded, that only part of the varieties of the winter Ibrm might spread to the northward, and but one of them at last reach the sub-boreal re^'ions, and hold possession to this day as the sole representative of the species. And at a very early period, the primary form, together with Phaon and Vesta, had made its way southward, where all three are found now, neither of them, so far as appears, having developed any marked varieties of the winter form. It is the female of the summer form of Tharos, and that variety of it which discovers the brown discal jJatch on the under side of the hind Avings (Yar. B), which Drury figured under this name, in 1770. Cramer's Tharos is stated to have come from New York and reference is made in the text to Drury. But the figures are coarsely drawn and rudely colored, and there has been some differ- ence of opinion as to the real species intended to be represented by them. Cocyta, Cramer, Figs. A, B, Plate 101, is Tharos male of the summer form (Yar. A), and Fig. C is probably intended for female of same ; but the text re- fers it to Surinam, and it is given with a doubt expressed as to whether it be- longs to the male figured or not. Dr. Boisduval considers this Cocyta to be synonymous with Morpheus, Fabricius, and locates it in southern California. Fabricius describes Morpheus as a North American insect, and in language ap- plicable to the summer form of Tharos. " Parvus. Alte omnes integerrimse, fulvas, maculis margineque nigris. Posticos punctis sex nigris in strigam dispos- itis versus marginem posticum. Subtus anticfe fulvse, nigro maculatie, pos- ticas pallasceutes strigis undatis, margine punctisque sex fuscis." I therefore call the species Tharos, the summer form Morpheus, the winter form 3farcia. The figures of the male Tharos in Bois. and Lee. are not very exact, but may be taken to represent the form Morpheus. But the female must have been drawn from Batesii, and evidently Dr. Boisduval had this insect before him when he wrote these words : " We possess individuals which we consider as varieties, of PHYCIODES I., II. which the primaries are black, with some fulvous spots and a transverse macular band of the same color. The hind wings do not differ, except that the lines on the basal area run together. Beneath, the hind wings are wholly deprived of a brown border ; the fore wings have likewise a part of the border effi\ced, but that which remains is blacker than in ordinary individuals." TpMT(D'K(n)mM^ J ¥, 3 %' sS«^ fi ¥ > / M ?. \ / ^, f 11 ?- n ¥, /.J * > ^ .~v /,V < - % \ f ,7 ?. Drawn by Mary Peart L Bowen. Col T?1AR0S. dim. form MORPHEUS Var A 1 - :; 13 . :^ 4 C 5 I) \0 rlmiiijfd liij (did 11 1:.' I'ackarilii. 13 Varv Morpheus. 1-! 15 l'HAl)\'. \<-ntlrr fhn IC) 17 siiinniff .. 18 1.") VESTA, lari/rr .. 2.0 21 .. sin/iiiirr ,, PHYCIODES II. PHYCIODES PHAON, 14—17. Phjciorhs Phaon, Edwards, Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. 505. Dimorphic form HIEMALIS. (Fig.s. 1(3, 17.) Male. — Expamls from 1 to 1.4 inch. Upper side black, banded and spotted with fulvous, the patterns being the same as in the melanic examples of the summer form of Tharos ; the extra- discal band on primaries being lighter, more orange-fulvous than in that species, and the sinuous discal band varying from yellow-ochraceous to sordid wliite ; on secondaries the extra-discal series of pupillated sp6ts is limited to six, and these are, in most examples, partly covered by the broad black marginal borders ; fringes of primaries black, yellow-white at the ends of the ncrvules, of (Second- aries yellow-white, black at ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries orange-fulvous, the markings as in Tharos ; the hind margins bordered with brown, deepening into black next inner angle ; at the apex, and in the upper median interspace, yellow ; the discal l)and repeated, diffuse, yellow ; and next within this a conspicuous black band. Secondaries pale buft", unevenly clouded with brown over the extra-discal area to margin, and on disk and toward base ; the markings as in Var. B of the winter form of Tharos, the disk crossed by a clear band. Body black, beneath white, the extremity of abdomen yellowish ; legs fulvous, the inner sides of the femora white ; palpi white at base, yellowish above, black on upper side ; antenna} black, yellowish on under side, ringed with white ; club black, fulvous at tip. Female. — Expands 1.4 inch. Similar to the male in color and markinffs. Dimorphic form .ESTIVA. (Figs. 14, 15.) Same size as its co-firm and not distinguishable on the upper side ;' on the PHYCIODES II. Dimorphic form ^ESTIVA. (Figs. 18, 19.) Same size as the winter form, and often not to be distinguished from it by the appearance of the upper side ; but many examples are very black, the fulvous markings all reduced; on the other hand, some have the fulvous preponderating, as in the lighter examples of the summer form of Tharos, which they then greatly resemble ; on the under side, primaries difler in no important respect from the winter form ; secondaries uniform light ochraceous, the reticulations verv fine, brown or ferruginous, and disposed as in the summer Phaoii, the mar- ginal cloud slight and narrow, the costal patch slight or wanting. In the female the ground is varied in pale and darker yellow, the band pale, as are several of the spots in the interstices near base ; all the lines heavy, ferruginous ; the mar- ginal cloud extended toward the disk, the costal patch larger ; there is also a distinct ferruginous patch on middle of the disk, as in one of the varieties of summer lliaros. Vesta seems to be common in middle and southern Texas, and I have I'eceived a long series of examples from Mr. Boll, showing all the variations observed by him. There is no marked difference between individuals of the winter form. The species flies in successive generations, from February to November, and there must be at least five annual broods. The food-plant is at present unknown, as are also the preparatory stages. Crawn ly Mary Peaii ILENUS,L2-i,3.4,9. GRAPTA I. GRAPTA SILENUS, 1—4. Grapin Silenii.<. Echvanls. Tniiis. Am. Kiit. Soc. 1870, p. 15. Male. — Expands 2.2 inches. Primaries iiuxlerately incised ; slightly dentated ; tail long, l)road, and straight ; a prominent dentation between tail and inner angle, which last is much produced. Upper side deep red-fulvous, clouded with brown-ferruginous next base of each wing and on disks, and spotted with black ; hind margins have a broad com- mon border of nearly uniform w^idtli, black with a ferruginous tint ; on the inner side a series of separate, pale fulvous spots, yellowish next apex of primaries, irregular in size, lanceolate ; primaries have a large sul)-apical ferruginous patch on costal margin, another near inner angle, a bi'oad black spot from costa cover- ing the arc, two oval spots in cell placed transversely and sometimes conduent, two others in first and second median interspaces, and a large sub-ovate spot on sub-median interspace extending partly over the one next above. Secondaries have the entire costiil margin brownish-black, a large irregular black patch on disk l)etween upper In'anch of sub-costal and the median nervure ; a brownish-ferruginous patch at base of the upper median nervules ; the whole extra-discal area suftiised with ferruginous, passing imperceptibly into the mar- ginal border ; fringes fuscous, with a very little white in the emargiiiations. Under side mostly in shades of black or Idackish-brown, the entire surface, ex- cept wdiere deep black prevails, covered with tine, abbreviated streaks darker than the ground ; apex of primaries fliintly tinted with olivaceous ; costal margin brown, with a fow gray scales near apex, a whitish patch beyond extremity of cell and a smaller one nearer base ; base of primaries brown, of secondaries brown next costa, black towards abdominal margin ; the disks crossed by a com- mon, broad, Idack band, very irregular in its exterior outline, on lower jJtirt of secondaries merging into the black basal area, outside the band, on primaries and upper part of secondaries, grayish-white for a little space, densely streaked, and beyond to margin blackish-brown ; the extra-discal points nearly or quite lost on the dark ground ; sub-marginal crescents Ijlack, obsolescent, often wanting alto- gether ; in the cell of primaries three elongated, narrow, deep black spots, two of lo-r GRAPTA I. which lie along the costal iiervure, separated by a very small interval, and each edged by a velvety black line ; the third, along median nervure, illy-defined with- out such edging ; the spot on disk of secondaries dead white, l^ent at right angles ; the lower limb straight, thick, abruptly sloping to a point by tlie cutting away of its upper side ; the upper branch narrower, slightly carved, nearly as wide at top as elsewhere and ending bluntly ; fringes with the white area more extended than on upper side. Body above black, covered with ferruginous hairs, l^elow black, sometimes with a gray shade ; legs gray-brown ; pal2ii black at liase and in front, with whitish hairs at sides, ferruginous at top ; antennae black above, fulvous below ; club black, fulvous at tip. Female. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.3 inches. In shape very like the male ; upper side dull yellow-fulvous, the spots large ; under side more brown than black, the extra-discal area to margin pretty uniform in shade, the ground being dark gray, nearly lost in the denseness of the l)ro\vn streaks; sub-marginal points and crescents obsolescent; silver mark of same shape as in the male, often quite as heavy. Larva miknown. Silenus is found in Western Oregon and in San Juan and Vancouver's Islands, where it flies in company with Satyrus. It may be readily distinguished by the general blackness of both surfaces, by the large size of the black spots on upj^er side, by the obsolescence of the usual sub-marginal crescents on under side, and by the character of the silver spots. In this last respect and in shape of wings it is near Gracilis ; in the deep fulvous color, Faiinus ; in the sub-mar- ginal crescents of under side, Progne ; but in important respects differs from each of these. The genus Grapta is well represented on this continent, a greater number of species being already known than in the ^vorld beside. And as several are very local in their habit, it is highly proljable that others remain still to l)e discovered. Our knowledge of the butterflies of the entire Rocky Mountain district — except- ing Northern Colorado — and of the vast extent of territory to the Northwest and North, amounts as yet to a mere nothing, restricted literally to the scanty collections of the government surveying expeditions, and an occasional specimen from some chance traveller. It is noticeable that the American Graptas show little tendency to riui into varieties. In a series of an hundred Comma, or as many Faunus, all will be essentially alike, not differing between themselves to a greater degree than a number of Cardui or Atalanta. And in the case of those species that are dimorphic, I find the two forms of each nowhere convergent. This is remarkable, because there is a general similarity between so many of the species GRAPTA I. that is very jjerplexing to lepidopterists who have but a hmited acquamtance with them. And it is so contrary to the nature of the protean G album, which branches into forms that imitate several of tlie American species (see notes on Comma and Satyrus, Vol. I.), and mto some that so far as known are not repre- sented here, that it seems scarcely credible to those who are familiar with that one species only. Fortunately the preparatory stages of most of the North American species allied to C album, are known and described, and the diflerences between the larvaj and chrysalids, sufficiently prove the distinctness of each such species, from the others and from C album. It is a peculiarity of this genus that so many of the species are dimorphic. In notes upon Interrogatlonis, Vol. I., I suggested that Comma and Dri/as might also prove to be dimorphic forms of one species, but I doubted if the case would be found parallel with Interrogatlonis, in which the two forms seemed to be of equal value, either one producing both at all seasons. It seemed probable, that Comma and Drt/as appeared in the early summer brood, and Conuna only in the autunni, and this, because I had always met with Dryas- in sunimer and not later, when Comma was exceedingly ahundant, especially in West Virginia. The relationship was finally estaljlished in 1873, by Mr. Mead and myself, at Coal- burgh, and again hy m^yself in 1874, and proves that the dimorphism has no sea- sonal peculiarity. In the first instance, we obtained eggs of Dryas, by inclosing two females in a muslin bag on a branch of hop-vine, of course, after examining carefully to see that no eggs had been already laid thereon. This was 30tli July. In a few hours there were many eggs deposited on the leaves and on the muslin, and often in columns of four or five, as is the haljit with Inlerrogationis. By 5th August, the larviv were hatched, and we carried them through their successive moults with little loss, so that by 21st August, when the first changes to chrysalis commenced, there were more than sixty mature larva?. There was not much va- riation in their appearance, most of them being of a black ground, with more or less yellow in short lines, and as represented on Plate of Comma, Yo\. 1. fig a. Only one 'of the lot was yellow-white, as shown on the Plate of Dryus, and even- tually this one produced a Dryas butterfiy. On oOth August, the ))utterflies began to emei'ge, and all were Comma, excepting six, 2^,4*, which were Dryaa. This last, therefore, has caterpillars of Ijoth tlie white and the black types, and appears in the autumnal brood, though perhaps not so numerously as Comma. On the lOtli May, 1874, I took a female Comma, true to its type, the upper side of hind-wings being red, and the under side of both wings plain brown, and inclosed in same way as before related, after examining the branch to which I fastened it. Within the next two days eggs were laid abundantly, and in due time I counted thirty-nine caterpillars. GRAPTA I. At the last moult, nearly all these were light-colored, many being cream- white, and scarcely half a dozen were black. On 4th June, they began to change, and by Cth, there were thirty-five chrysalids. On 10th June, the first imago appeared, and by 13th, there had emerged thirty-four l)utterflies, 23*, IP, every one Drijas. One died in chrysalis. Dryas may be considered as the prevailing early summer form of the sjiecies, and Comma the autumnal. A memorandum of the experiment made in 1873 was comnaunicated to the "Canadian Entomologist" for October of that year, and I proposed that the name of the species should be Comma, and the two forms be designated as vars. Hurrisii and Dryas, in the same way that Inferrogationis is known in its two forms as Interrogationis vars. Umhrosa and Fahricil, this formula expressing clearly the relationship established. A similar connection may exist between other Graptas. From the fact that the two forms of Interrofjatlonls differ much in outline of wing, in color and markings, while the silver discal spot is identical, and that the same holds good of the two forms of Comma, I should not be disposed to look for relationshijo of this nature between two in which the discal spot is essentially different; as where one bore the C and the other the angular mai-k seen in S'denus. That is one reason wl\y I do not believe Gracilis will be found dimorphic with Faumis as suggested l\y Mr. Scudder ; the discal spot of the former species being a bent mark something like SUenus, but more like Progne, and of the latter a G, with barbed ends. The two species have been found inhabiting the same localities in the White Mountains, N. H., and on Anticosti Island by Mr. Couper. But in the Catskills, where Faumis swarms in the month of August, the united collecting of Messrs. Meail and Meyer with myself, embracing at least six seasons, have never brought to light one Gracilis. Now wherever one form of Interrogationis, or one of Comma is found, both are found, and it is hardly allowable, unless proved, that Faumis could be dimorphic in one district and not in another. Progne and Comma both associate in the Catskills with Faumis, though in vastly less numbers. Mr. Couper wrote me on his return from Anticosti, in November, 1873, that Avhile there, on 21st July, he found a Grapta caterpillar feeding on wild currant : in color " yellow, with long and short black marks on its sides ; " and the spines were all "pink colored." The length of this was one inch, and therefore it was near maturity. As this is not the description of Progne, nor GRAPTA I. Comma, nor Fmimis, I presume it was Gracilis, as Mr. Conper conjectureil. It certainly was not Faunus, which is party-colored, in the general style of that of C album and of Zcphijrux, Init with differences. We owe this discovery of Faunus lai-va to Mr. Scudder, who took mature specimens on willow in the White Mountains, in 1873, and who will publish a description and illustration of it in his forthcomiuiJ- work on the " Buttertlies of New Ens-land." Willow is an unusual food-plant for a Grapta, and not set down as one to which C album is addicted. It is desirable that the several American species oi Grapta, where the larva? are not already thoroughly known, should be experimented with, and lepidopterists having access to any of them, will do good service if they will take pains to ol)tain the eggs in the maimer I have indicated. Tliis is always practicalile where the food-plant is known, and may Ijc found so where the plant is only matter of conjecture, by testing the buttertly with any or all of the plants on which other Grapta larva? feed. The larvtv are easily raised, l)eing hardy and bearing confinement well, and as they mature rapidly there is vei-y little trouble in breeding them even from the egg. It is easy to determine the female in this genus, apart from the plainer color and lesser degree of ornamentation that characterizes her as compared with the male. In the latter, the aborted forelegs which may be seen folded down upon the thorax are thick and furry ; in the female, thin and slightly clothed. This peculiarity was first pointed out to me by Mr. J. A. Lintner, and I have often had occasion to test its value, especially in cases of abraded spechnens, where the distinctive markings and colors were much obliterated. iSAIP Drawn I'v Msry l-'t-art 1. h-iwen '-"..I HYLAS, 1.2 6.3 4 V, MARSYAS, 5 6 6,7 8 V / GRAPTA II. GRAPTA HYLAS, 1-4. Grapla Htjlas, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. IV., p. 68, 1872. ALa.le. — Expands 1.7 inch. Form near Faunus ; primaries deeply incised, secondaries moderately ; the two angles of secondaries somewhat and almost equally produced ; tail broad, and a prominent dentation at the extremity of lower branch of median. Upper side dull red-fulvous at bases of wings, fading into yellow-fulvous on the disks ; the marginal border of primaries fuscous, edged within by a series of separated yellow spots, which are either serrate or dentate ; the sub-apical patch and the patch near inner angle ferruginous on a black ground ; the other spots black and as in Faunus ; secondaries have a broad fusco-ferruginous marginal border which covers one third of the wing, and includes a sub-marginal series of small rounded or lunate yellow spots ; on costal margin a large black spot, a smaller one on the arc, the two often confluent ; inner margin much obscured by brown ; the edges of both hind margins gray, dusted more or less with yellow ; fringes white in the emarginations, fuscous elsewhere. Under side marbled in shades of gray, tinted with brown over basal area, and densely covered throughout with fine abbreviated streaks of black or fuscous ; the basal area limited by a dark, irregular, common band, which is edged on its outer side by a black line ; the space beyond to margin gray, of nearly an uni- form shade, the usual sub-apical patch on primaries scarcely lighter than the rest ; across the disks a common series of minute spots or points, complete on secondaries, sometimes wanting on upper half of primaries ; under a glass these points resolve into dull green spots with black edging, or into patches of black and green scales ; the incision of jjrimaries bordered by dull green lunations edged on either side by black ; similar lunations are found on secondaries entirely across the wing, but often they are partly wanting ; discal mark a fine l)ent silvered streak, the upper limb curved, the lower straight, and the two equal in length. GRAPTA II. Body fuscous above, dark gray with a brown tint below ; legs and palpi gray ; antenna' fuscous above, annulated with gray below ; club black, tip yellow. Female. — Expands 1.8 inch. Upper side paler, the yellow spots larger ; under side uniform brownish-gray ; the markings nearly obsolete, the marginal lunations wanting ; the discal mark scarcely distinguishable. Larva unknown. The only examples of Hylas thus far known to me have been taken in Col- orado. Mr. T. L. Mead discovered the species in 1871, and since that time a few individuals have appeared among the butterflies collected by Dr. Hay den's expeditions. The information given of its habits is by Mr. Mead, which I repeat from the notes on G. Zephjrus, Vol. I. of this w^ork. " On the 28th August (1871), on the South Park road, in the mountains, and about twenty miles from the Park, I found a large smooth rock exposed to the sun, on which were several Graptas, Zephyr us, and a species numbered 3 {Hylas). On this rock, and in the immediate ^dcinity, I captured twenty Zep>}iyrus, and five of the other. I had previously, on the 16th August, found both species together in the vicinity of Berthoud's Pass, where fifteen of the smaller ones were taken with a few Zephyrus, on a small patch of flowers high up the mountain. These were the only occasions on which the small Grapta was seen. Zephyrus was taken abundantly throughout the State wherever collections were made." To this I add that I have received Zephyrus from various localities since 1871. The expeditions under Lieutenant Wheeler have taken it both in Southern Utah and in Arizona ; and, as stated by me in Vol. I., it has been received from Nevada, California, and even from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie's River. Considering then that Zephyrus is so wide-spread a species and Hylas so local an one, and that the two agree neither in size, shape, color, or otherwise, except in group characters, there would not seem to.be much ground for a suggestion of relationship between them. Yet Mr. Scudder, in his lately pub- lished Synonymic List, treats the two as established dimorphic forms of one species, which he calls Zejjhyrus, and renames Zejihyrus Edw. as Thiodamas var., giving the other as Hylas var. No evidence of dimorphism is alleged to have been discovered, nor does Mr. Scudder profess to know more of Hylas than what I have stated above. It is enough to say that such a relationship would be highly interesting if proven. That the two species were together in the few instances in which Hylas was seen is nothing, for that is the rule wheVever any two or more species of Grapta are found. Faunus, Comma, and Progne con- stantly associate. GRAPTA II. GRAPTA MARSYAS, 5-8. Grapta Marsyas, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. III., \>. IG, 1870. Male. — Expands 1.6 inch. Primaries much incised, secondaries moderately ; outer angle of secondaries but little, 'the inner angle largely, produced ; tail long, broad and curved, fol- lowed by a deep and broad incision, and a narrow dentation at the extremity of the lower branch of median. Upper side bright fulvous, obscured at base ; primaries have a broad fuscous marginal border on which is a .series of indistinct yellow spots, scarcely more than indicated by a yellow shade in the several interspaces, except near the apex, where they become distinct ; the sub-apical patch large, ferruginous ; the patch at inner angle small, rounded anteriorly, ferruginous ; the other markings as in Comma. Secondaries have a broad pale fuscous border, occupying one third of the wing, gradually passing into the fulvous shade of the disk, and completely inclos- ing a series of illy-defined small yellow spots ; a large black spot on costal mar- gin, a second, of small size, on the arc, and a third at the origin of the upper median nervule ; inner margin much obscured by brown ; fringes alternately yel- low and fuscous next the apex of primaries, white in the emarginations of the incision, fuscous elsewhere, and alternately white and fuscous on .secondaries. Under side varied in shades of bi-own, with a vinous tint over the basal area ; secondaries and the outer two thirds of primaries much streaked with darker brown or ferruginous ; upon the disks a common band, irregular, and much as in Comma, the outer edge on .secondaries only lined with dark brown ; a dark stripe on secondaries near base ; the space beyond the band gray across the median nervules of primaries and the discoidal nervules of secondaiies, this .shade nearly hidden by the dense streaks ; apex of primaries olivaceous, the color limited below by a ferruginous stripe along the nervule ; the sub-apical patch grayish- green on a white ground ; along the incision, and on entire margin of second- GRAPTA II. aries, a naiTow broken stripe of light gx-een, edged on the anterior side by black ; the usual extra-discal row of points distinct on primaries ; the silver mark an arc of a circle, thickened at the upper end, sharply barbed at the lower. Body above fulvous, beneath vinous-gray ; legs buff; palpi buff below, fulvous above and at tip ; antennte fuscous above, ochracoous below ; club black, tip fulvous. Female. — Same size. Primaries less incised ; tail short, narrow ; the dentations less prominent ; upper side as in the male, the yellow lunules obsolete ; under side less varie- gated, the colors being brown in shades, and without white except along costal edge of primaries near apex ; both wings densely streaked as in the male ; the ex- tra-discal points distinct, the green stripe indistinct on primaries, obsolete on sec- ondaries ; silver marks shaped as in the male, but larger, more delicate, pointed at the upper extremity, thickened, not barbed below. This little species is only known at present by the pair delineated on the Plate. They were taken some years ago by the late M. Lorquin, and assigned to Mr. Reakirt, with no other locality than " Rocky Mountains." Mr. Scudder (Syn. List, 1875), surmises that Marsjias may be dimorphic with Satyrus. The two are different in size, in the ornamentation of both sides, and in the shape of the silver spots ; and this holds in both sexes, as may readily be seen by comparing the figures o£ Satyrus (Vol. I., Plate 40) with the figures now given of Marsyas. Satyrus is not an imcommon species over large sections of the continent. It is found throuifhout the Rockv Mountains, and to Vancouver's Island. To the eastward its range is at least as far as Ontario, Mr. T. L. Mead having taken two examples a few miles north of Port Hope, in 1874. It should be borne in mind when estimating the proljal)ilities of dhnorphism, that in the only species of Grapta in which this relation is established, viz., Interrogationis and Comma, both the dimorphic forms are found wherever one is found, and they agree in size, in tlie markings of the upper side, and in the form of the silver spots. In Comma there is an agreement also in shape. The difierences in both species are found In the coloi-atlon of the two sides and in the mark- ings of the under side only ; and in Iiiferrogntlonis there is a slight difterence in shape, the primaries of one form being more decidedly falcated. If Marsyas, then. Is really dimorjjhic with Satyrus, there should at least be some points of agreement, and the presumption is fair that it would fly with Satyrus, and in- habit the same localities. (StMAIPITAo Drawn ty Mary Peai-t 1, Bowen, Col RUSTICUS 1, 2d. 3 4?. a J.at-vn 1 1 h- Chnisdhs MARSYAS . Var. 5. 6 c? ZEPHYRUS, r Larx-a d Chrijsahs. GRAPTA III. GRAPTA RUSTICUS, 1—4. Grapta Rusticus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. V.. ]i. 107, 1S74. Var. Slh-ius. o . Eihv., iJ., p. lOS. Male. — Expands 2 inche.s. Near Faunus ; primaries rather deeply incised ; both angles of secondaries pro- duced almost equally ; tail long, broad, curved, followed by a deep incision, and at extremity of lower branch of median nervure a prominent tooth. Uj^per side dull red-fulvous, pale on disk of primaries; marginal border of primaries broad, dark red-brown, in the incision nearly black ; of secondaries wholly red-brown, occupying one third the wing, clearly defined on its inner edge, and not shading gradually into the fulvous ground, as in Faunus ; the sub- marginal spots lunular, bright vellow, those of secondaries large ; the other mark- ings deep black, and disposed as in the allied species ; hind margins edged with yellow scales, especially along the incision, and upon the anterior half of second- aries ; fringes largeh^ black, with a mixture of red-brown, aud in most of the interspaces a little white. Under side much less variegated than in Faunus; the basal areas brown, dark- est along their outer limits, and contrasting .sharply with the pale olive-brown of the remainder of the wings ; in cell of primaries two long concolored spots, edged with black, in that of secondaries a transverse curved black stripe, and above this cell a few abbreviated fine black streaks; on costa of primaries a narrow edging of white one third the distance from base to apex, and a sub-apical gray patch on white ground ; the points on hind margin above the incision ferruginous ; along the incision and to inner angle a submarginal band of green, formed of confluent crescents edged with black, and on basal side narrowly by gray ; beyond this band is a transverse series of green spots, — the one on upper median interspace obso- lete, — all edged on the outer side by black scales, and more or less by gray. Secondaries have a submarginal row of green, black-edged spots, separated, mostly crescent, crossing the entire wing, and an inner row larger than those on pri- GRAFTA III. maries, rounded, and both rows stand on gray ground ; the silver mark an angular C, the upper limb stout and barbed. Body fulvous, coated with green hairs, beneath gray-vinous; tlie femora of middle and hind legs brown, the tibice buff or luteous ; the aborted legs gray- vinous, black in front ; palpi buff, with many l^rown hairs, in front Ijlack ; an- tenna? black above, ferruginous below; club black, tlie tip ferruginous. Female. — Expands 2.1 inches. Upper side closely resembles the male in color and markings ; the yellow spots of secondaries still larger ; both hind margins edged by yellow. Under side as in the male, the shades of basal and outer areas contrasting in similar manner ; but the gray beyond disk is more extended, darker, and all that part of the wing is suffused with a delicate purple tint ; the silver mark wary slender, at most but a curved streak, representing the back of the C. Var. A. — Female ; the fulvous of upper side more fiery, the yellow spots small ; beneath, both wings are of brown, of a nearly uniform shade, except that on the disks are darker patches ; the green spots tolerably distinct ; the silver mark obsolescent.^ Mature Larta. — Length 1.2 inches. Cylindrical, the segments well rounded ; color orange-fulvous, except the dor- sal area of segments seven to twelve, which is white ; the ends of the segments crossed by several stripes of black and fulvous, the latter very pale on seven to twelve, almost fading into white ; the sides mottled with fulvous, blaclv and bluish white, and Miarked by two irregular longitudinal fulvous lines, one below the spiracles, the other above, this last interrupted and not always distinct ; furnished with seven rows of long, slender, tapering, many -branching spines (the branches numbering about ten of nearly equal size, besides a few others much smaller), each branch ending in a sharp bristle, and surrounded by several others ; the spines of the dorsal and first lateral rows from segments three to six, buff; from seven to twelve, white ; the second laterals smoky-brown, except on twelve and thirteen, wdiere they are white ; the lower laterals buff o\\ three and four, the rest white ; a black crescent, concave downward, over the Ijase of each spine of second lateral row ; and a Idack dash on the anterior part of each segment, in front of each of the spines of first lateral row, but nearly obsolete on the ante- rior segments ; spiracles black in white rings ; feet black ; forelegs smoky-brown ; head sub-ovate, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and on each a cylindrical, horn-col- 1 The female last described is that to which I formerly <;ave the name Silrius. I suspect it am! the male are seasonally-dimorphic with Ruslicus ; but these two are the only examples I have met with, and this relation- ship is but conjectural. The female was bred from the larva figured in Vol. I., Plate 40, Fi;^. 8, a drawing of which was sent me labeled Zephyrus, and so published. Unfortunately the male was afterwards destroyed in transit to Mr. II. Edwards, and only the description remains. GRAPTA III. ored process, sliort, thick at base and top, the sides concave, entUng iu six e({iial spurs, one upright, the others surroiuiding it, each spur witli a short bristle at its extremity ; whole face much tuberculated, the sides especially bt>ing furnished with several long single conical light colored spin's, and mauv stout hairs (Fig. a). Chrysalis. — Length, .'.J inch.; greatest breadth across abdomen, .20 inch.; across base of wings, .2S inch. Cylindrical, slender ; the head-case high ; com- pressed transversely, rounded ; at each vertex a stout roumled process, tapering to a Idtnit point, bent inward at two thirds its length, and at the bend on outer side projecting a very .■^hort conical branch; the space between these processes circular ; niesonotnm large, followed by a deep excavation, the sides somewhat flattened, the keel high, thin, rounded anteiiorly, Init at posterior end sharp and truncated ; the wing-cases much elevated, tiaring at ba.se, the sides excavated ; on the marginal border on ventral side a sharp conical protuberance ; on the abdomen several rows of tubercles, most of which arc small, but those of the two yeutral rows are large, and some c^uite prominent; those below the mesono- tum gilded or silvered; color glossy light brown, or drab, the wilig-cases clouded (Fig. b. 6.,). liusticus was descrilied originally from examples sent me by Mr. Henry Edwards, and the localities siven were Bit;- Trees, Cal., and Vancouver's Island. In 1878, Mr. Mead took the butterfly at Yo Semite, and, IGth June, found nine caterpillars feeding on Azalea occidentalis, some of which he raised to the imago. From one of these larvie and a chrysalis in alcohol, and a blown laryal skin, assisted by Mr. Mead's written descriptions, the figures on the Plate have been drawn. The larva and chrysalis of this species, from drawings from life by Mr. Stretch, are figiu-ed in Vol. I., i'late 40, and are there erroneously at- tributed to Zephyrus, as 1 learned long after publication. That larva was also taken at Yo Semite, on Azalea occidentalis, and it produced the aberrant female (possibly a dimorphic form) which I described in 1874 as Sllvais. These mistakes I am happily able to rectify, by the kindness of Mr. Mead, than whom we have no more accurate observer or skillful collector among our lepidopterists. Mr. Mead was also successful in finding and rearing many larviv of both Zephy- 7'us and Scityrns, and states that this last species shows great variation in the relative extent of the light and dark markings, after the manner of the larva of G. Comma, with the likeness to which he was struck, and that Figure 4, Plate 40. Vol. I., resembles one phase of it. As stated in the accompanying notes, Mr. Edwards found four of these larvae on Urtica, and he wrote me that the coloration GRAPTA III. was the same in all. But I have alcoholic examples, one of which is dark, the other as white as the larva of G. Dryas figured in same Volume, Plate 37. In the description of larva of Satyrus, furnished by Mr. Edwards, it is said that there are six rows of spines. This should have been seven, as all the Vanessidas have seven rows, one dorsal and three on either side. Since the Plate of llarsyas was published, in the present volume, Mr. 0. T. Baron, of Navarro, Cal., has ascertained by breeding from the female Saty- rus in confinement, that Marsyas is seasonally-dimorphic with that species. He sent me the parent female and the resulting progeny, all which last were Mar- syas, some as diminutive as the examples figm-ed on the Plate, others larger, though none equal in expanse of wing the parent Satyrus. The suffused Mar- syas on the present Plate (Fig. 5) represents one of these bred examples. Note. — We now know the full life-history, from egg to imago, of several of the American species of this genus, namely : Jnterrogalionis, Comma, Salyrus, and Progne; also the history of Zephyrus, Rusticus, and Faunus, fi'om the half-grown larva to imago. Mr. Seudder found Faunus feeding on willow, and sent me drawings of larva and chrysalis. Mr. Caulfield found the larva on nettle, and has described larva and chrysalis in Can. Ent., Vol. VII. Professor Fernald writes that larvae of Faunus have been found in Maine, feeding on currant, and Mr. Roberts, that he has taken them in Vermont on wilil gooseberry. The larva is bicolored, of a pattern similar to tluitof Rusticus and C Album, and the chrysalis has a peculiarity found in both these species, the processes on the head being bent in, and throwing out a little blunt spur at the bend, on outer side, as shown on the Plate. This peculiarity indicates the intimate relation of these species to one another, and it separates them from Comma and all the other American species, the chrysalids of which are known. Of these species whose history we know, Inlerrogalionis, Comma, and Satyrus are proven to be seasonally- dimorphic. Some others may be, as possibly Rusticus and Silcius, but as yet there is no reliable evidence of it. So much has been learned since I published the Plate of Faunus, in 1869, some ten years ago. As stated in the notes accompanying the Plate of Comma, two years later, I did not describe Faunus till I had sent an ex- ample to Mr. Stainton, asking him to compare it with the European C Album. He replied that he had done so, and that it was of a distinct, unnamed species, put down in the British Museum Catalogue as " Vanessa , from Hudson Bay." That it was catalogued in this manner was proof that in the opinion of the entomologists in charge at the Museum, it was something unknown, and therefore not the common and very well known C Album. Nevertheless, after my Plate appeared, several lepidopterists on the continent de- clared that Faunus was nothing but C Album, and to test the matter, I sent examples of Faunus, Satyrus, and Comma, to one of the most experienced, for his opinion. The reply came that all three wei-e C Album, but that Satyrus was more unmistakable, and approached the European form more closely than did the other two. (See Vol. L, note to G. Comma.') Looked at in the light we have to-day, gained by breeding from the female Comma and Satyrus, that was a remarkable statement, that Satyrus was more unmistalcable and nearer than Faunus and Comma to C Album. It meant at least that, in the opinion of Dr. Staudinger, Satyrus was close to, or identical with, the typical C AUnim. Now Faunus certainly belongs to a distinct sub-group from that which comprises Satyrus and Comma, as is determined not only by peculiarities of the imago but of the larva and chrysalis as well. So late as 1874, the venerable and learned Professor Zellcr, in a review of my volume, in Ent. Zeit., Stettin, while allowing Comma to be a good species, because it and its dimorphic form Dryas had been proven so by breeding, and their larva; were figured in the volume, concludes that Faunus is identical with one of the varieties of C Album, found in certain parts of Europe, and which he specifies as C Album, variety U ; and that Satyrus and Zephyrus are probably parcel of the same thing, or, in other words, sub-varieties of Faunus, He says : " That our European C Album appears with remarkable variation is often noticed by authors, but none have taken the varieties for distinct species. Three of the varieties may be very sharply characterized. .... I can perceive in my example of Faunus only Var. B of C Album." GRAPTA III. He compares the fij^ures of Satyyu.^ and Zephi/rus with examples of (~! Alhiqti in Iiis cabinet, anJ finds re- semblances thus: " I have now before me both sexes (of C Album), of which the male is indeed not quite so darkly spotted on the upper side as Zephyrus, but it is darker than Sali/rus, and ac;rees with Zephi/rus in the presence of a dentation by the side of the chief due of the hind wins, while on the under side it might be taken for Sa/i/rus, Fig. 2. The considerably larger female agrees in the indentations and the coloration of hind wing with Sati/rus, Fig. 1. But why then are the caterpillars (of Zephijriis and Salyrus) so different? Can the caterpillar (Fig. 8, Zephyrus), which looks like the never otherwise drawn C Album, in its varia- tions come to resemble Fig. 4 {Satyrus), in California? I believe not. But I am mindful of the, fact that the author did not have the caterpillars before him alive, but only received the drawings from California. There- fore I susjiect that the caterpillar of Fauiius has by mistake been given for Zephyrus. If this suspicion be correct, there can be no reason against declaring Faunnx to be C Album, and uniting Zephyrus with Salyrus, at least as Variety B." This last line seems to imply that Faunus is same as C Album type, and the other two are the Va(Kety B ; but as Faunus is before stated to be only Variety B, I conclude that Professor Zeller regards Satyrus and Zephyrus as probably sub-varieties of Faunus or of Var. B. Quite recently I have received from Mr. H. B. Mtischler a paper by himself on the genera of European butterflies, in which he thus says : "At all events, Album flies in North America. It is impossible for me, at least, to discover any difference between this and the North American species separated by Edwards as Faunus." It would be satisfactory to have the type C Album pointed out and agreed upon. Plainly in England it is something quite different from Faunus, so different that Faunus is declared to be a distinct species. Dr. Staudinger says it is near Satyrus. Professor Zeller says that Faunus is Fariety B, separated from the type, therefore, by another variety, A. Mr. Moschler can see no difference between C Album and Faunus. Tlie truth is, no man knows, what is the typical C Album. The descriptions of Linnaeus and of Fabricius read simply thus : " Ujjper side fulvous, with black spots ; hind wings beneath marked by a white C." This deter- mines nothing. The next species described by Linnaeus is C Aureum, which was formerly supposed to be what we call fnlerrogalionii, but is now understood to be another species, G. Angelica, Cramer, from Asia, and word for word even to the white C, the diagnosis is the same. So that we must look elsewhere for help in this matter. Kirby, Syn. Cat. of Diur. Lepid., after citing these two authors, next refers to Espcr. Eur. Schmett. , PI. 1 3, Fig. 3, for a figure of C Album, apparently the first colored figure of the species after the time of LinniEus. Turning to this Plate I find set down as C Album what I should consider a fair representation of the American species G. Comma. It is very unlike Faunus. Kirby cites as a synonym, Esper, PI. 59, Fig. 3. But Esper says this is Var. C Album, and therefore it cannot be the type. The u{)per side of this figure resembles the female of Marsyas, as shown on my Plate. Making allowance for the coarseness of Esper's drawing, it is Marsyas if anything, and is a long way from Faunus. But the under side is unlike either sex of AMiir.''y;ht davs. After first moult: length, .19 inch; color, blackish-ln'own ; on 8 is a light- brown patch, covering the dorsum and part of sides; along base, over feet, a fleshy ridge ; segment 2 is narrow ; on segments after this tliere is one broad ridge, followed in most cases by two narrow ones, and these last are thickly set with small tubercles of irregular sizes, conical, each with short, whitish hair; on 3 the broad ridge is consideral)ly elevated dorsally, and at each end is a tawny conical process, crowned Ijy a cluster of little fleshy knobs, dark and light ; between these ai'e two small ones with little crowns; on 4 the elevation is less, and there are four small and equal crowned processes in line ; on 6, also ele- vated, are two large ones with crowns, and on 12 are two; on each of the iu- tervenins; seo;ments are two small similar ones, and on all the segments, from 4 to 11. are two small simple tubercles on the antei'ior part of the segment between the larger ones ; these dorsal processes form two longitudinal rows, and are concolored with the ground they stand on ; there is also a lateral row of small crowned processes, and others more irregular are placed on the basal ridge ; feet and pro-legs, black ; head obovate, truncated, and depressed at top, the vertices rather high, and each bearing a short, black, compound j^rocess ; color black, the surface rough, and thickly covered \Yith conical tubercles, those at top, sides, and along the upper part of face, being largest, and mostly yellow- brown ; remainder black. (Figs, c ut the principal ridges are more elevated and all the processes more prominent ; those of 3, 12, and 13 now largest ; on 13 are four, two at the ex- treme end and directed back so as to form a bifid tail, from the base of which rise two smaller similar ones at an angle of about forty-five degrees ; the dorsal patch buff, and extended partly over 7 and 9 ; the basal ridge buff on last three segments; color of body, blackish-brown, the ends of the processes and tubercles generally lighter ; the larger processes on 3 are not crowned as before, but the upper half is covered with knobs ; head nearly as before, the face black, the upper part and side yellow-lirown, with tubercles. (Fig. d, magnified.) Five days after second moult (length .4 inch) each larva had begun to make its case or hybernaculum, and three days later all had entered into them. The first larva left its case the 29th March following, at Coalburgh, fed a little, rested, and after two days passed third moult. After third moult : length .44 inch ; general color red-brown, somewhat specked and mottled with black, especially at the junction of the segments, the processes ferruginous-red or partly castaneous ; segments 2 to 4 yellowish, in- clining to buff; on dorsum of 3 is a clear buff, smooth, elevated cross ridge, excavated on summit, and giving out at each corner an irregular, compound knobbed appendage, .05 inch long, and wholly red ; between these, in line, two small crested tubei'cles ; on 4 is a narrow and low ridge on which are four red tubercles, the two at the ends largest, and all crested with red knobs ; 5 has a still smaller ridge with little red tubercles, and closelj^ resembles 10 ; on 6 are two large maanmilloid processes, which occupy the whole ridge, and are castane- ous, with fine concolored crests ; 8 is immaculate, yellowish, except low down the sides, where it is encroached on by the brown color ; 7 and 9 have the dorsal parts like 8, but both are specked with red and a little Ijlack ; on these three segments are fine concolored and crested tubercles dorsally ; segments 10 to 13 are red-brown, the latter mottled with black ; on 11 are two 'small processes, on 12 two larger, on 13 two quite prominent, directed backward ; these last are black with red knobs, and at base of each rises a small upright process ; in ad- dition to the tubercles on the dorsum, are small ones on sides of nearly all seg- ments ; the basal ridge is brown in the middle segments, but after 10 gray-buff, making a distinct band of that color which widens posteriorly ; head obovate, narrow, high, the sides well rounded, the top deeply cleft with a broad suture down the face ; the vertices high and pointed, its whole surface covered with simple rounded or conical tubercles ; those on the vertices rather more promi- nent than elsewhere, and those at back and sides long, conical, and separated ; color of lower face and of the sides of face up to the vertices blackish, the upper LIMENITIS I. parts suftused with red ; the top, sides, and cleft, red ; the tubercles mostly col- ored like the ground they stand on. As the larva approached fourth moult the red parts became dull and at length mostly brown. (Fig. e.) To next moult G days. After fouith moult: length .0 inch: general color very much as immediately after third moult; shape, same ; segment 2 yellow-bufl", mottled with black, 3 dark buff, iuuuaculate, the ridge as before, and the processes, which are .OG inch long; 4 is mottled buff, red and black, and on either side of the main ridge is a lower and narrower one ; on the main ridge are no processes as before, but on all these ridges are round, glas.sj', bead-like tubercles, thickly set, and red colored ; on middle of dorsum of this segment, in front of the anterior row of these beads, are two similar beads, but large and ovoid, and directly iu front of the space between these two are small round ones; on 6 the mamniilloid processes are as before, and castaneous ; between them are four red beads, arranged in two j^airs at anterior and posterior parts of the segment ; there is also on this segment a posterior narroAV ridge thickl}" set with beads ; G is bufi* largely red on dorsum, with a beaded ridge and scattei'ed beads in front ; the patch on 8 is Wue-gray, and ex- tends partly over 7 and 9; 10 and 11 are alike, red with beads; on 10 are two small dorsal crested red tidaercles, and on 11 two larger, these crests all yellowish; 12 and 13 are red, mottled with lilack ; the processes on 13 as at last stage ; on the sides, on several segments, are beads and small tubercles ; the ridge at base of body is gray-bufi", distinct on last segments ; feet and pro-legs red-brown ; head nearly same shape as at last stage, rather broader iu proportion, the tubercles similar, except at the vertices, where they are longer and larger, the largest of all oblicjuely truncated; color of both head and tubercles amber, the ocelli black. (Fig./.) Mature Larva. — Two dnys after fourth moult the red portion began to change to green, olive, and partly a light and deep green ; individuals varied in this re- spect ; the dorsal patch changed to sordid-buff, in one case to dull red-buff, in another to whiti.sh, the anterior segments to gray or whitish, in one case to dark buff, the side stripe to pink, and on last segment to pure white ; the beads from red to blue; the head became a dark drab. The larva at maturity was 1.2 inches long. (Fig. y^) Nine days after tiftli moult it began to spin a button of white silk on the under side of a willow Ijranch, and thirty-six hours later l^e- came chrysalis. C11RT.SALIS. — Length .'J inch : sub-cylindrical, the abdomen somewhat com pressed laterally, and termhiating rather abruptly ; the edges of the wing-cases throughout very prominent and turned up, the middle area incurved ; head-case long, narrow, and tapering, truncated, the vertices ending in two wavy ridges, the LLMENITIS I. shorter of which is perpendicular to the other ; the mesonotum moderately pi'om- inent, with a slight, blunt carination at summit, and a small conical tubercle on either side ; on the middle of dorsum is a prominent, rounded, thin-edged appen- dage, corrugated, especially at base ; color of wing-cases and anterior parts silvery- gray, the former tinged with brown, or pale black along their hind margins ; there is some variation in the color of the wing-cases, from a lighter to darker shade, and the posterior part of the head-case is somewhat iridescent ; dorsal side of abdomen yellow-white, towards extremity gray ; on the ventral side almost wholly gray and brown ; the dorsal appendage dark smoky-brown ; at base of this is a dark brown demi-band, crossing three segments; the surface of the seg- ment next before and next after the appendage, as well as ))etweeu it and the wing-cases, silvery and corrugated. (Figs, g, g"^.) Duration of this stage nine to ten days. This species, mostly in the form Lamina, inhabits the northern parts of the continent, east of the Rocky Mountains, and as far to the southward as the Hoosac Mountains of western Massachusetts, the Catskills of New York, south- ern Michigan and Wisconsin ; to the eastward, as far at least as the St. Law- rence ; also Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The form Proserpina is limited to special localities or districts in the southern area of the species. In the Cats- kills the two are always found associating together, but the black is much less numerous than the other, the proportion apparently being about as one to ten. Mr. Mead, writing of his experience in these mountains, says: " When I collected every Prosei'jjina I could find, I took 110. Of Arihemis I actually did take about 200, and could have taken a thousand without any difficulty," My own collecting there during several seasons shows substantially the same results. But in the Adirondacks of northern New York, where Arthemis abounds, Mr. W. W. Hill, in four seasons collecting, has seen no example oH Proserpina. So Mr. A. E. Graef states that he found Arthemis abundant in the Adirondacks, but saw no Proserjnna. Professor S. H. Peabody writes that he collected in the Hoosac Mountains the last week of June, 1873, and Arthemis was abundant. In 1875, was in Vermont the middle of July, and walked up the western slope of Mt. Mansfield, the highest of the Green Mountain range. He found Arthemis plenty, but neither there nor in Massachusetts has he seen Proserpina, and does not know of the latter having ever been taken in Vermont. Mr. C. H. Roberts, of Factory Point, southern Vermont, says "Arthemis is found abundantly in this region, and I have taken it in several counties of this State. I have collected for seven years, and have LIMENITIS I. not seen the Proserpina form. I have twice bred Arfhemis from the egg, with the result fifty-nine Arthemis, but no Proserpina^ Mr. Scudder, in Geological Report of New Hampshire, describes Arthemis as being exceedingly abundant in the White Mountains, as well as iu northern New England generally, and states that its southern limits nearly coincide with the northern limits of Ursjtla {Astyanax) ; also that it has not been taken south of Massachusetts, and but rarely in that State. Nothing is said of Proserpnna in this report, showing that the presence of this form in the State was unknown to the author. Mr. Morrison, who collected buttertlies in the White Mountains iu 1875, did not meet with Proserj^hia. Mr. C. P. Whitney, of Millbrd, southern New Hampshire, says that Arthemis is rai-e in his district, and further : " What I have called Proserjnna, that is, with a white band across the fore wings, or traces of it, is fully as abundant here as Ursula, which last varies much from examples of Ursida found further south. I am sure that my Proserjnna are a variety of Ursula — a northern form. A few weeks ago I received a letter from a friend saying ho had seen an Arfhemis raised from a brood of Ursula." With this letter Mr. Whitney sent me 8(?1P taken at Milford. One of these males shows a broad white band across pri- maries below, and a macular stripe across same wings above ; no white on either side of secoudaries. xinother shows a cluster of whitish scales in each interspace quite across primaries below, and a clear white spot at costal margin of second- aries ; but beyond this there is no trace of a band on secondaries, or on upper side of either wiug. The female also has a slight band ou under side of priuiaries, and taint traces on upper side ; but no white on secondaries. Three other males have very slight traces of the band on under side of primaries, restricted to suiall clusters of scales in the two or three posterior interspaces. The remaining ex- amples have nothing of this. The first three spoken of I have no doubt are true Proserptina, and probably all the others are, though they cannot be distin- guished from some examples of Urmia taken in certain districts where Arthemis is never known to fly. All these Milford examples, and all from the Catskills which I have ever examined, have this common peculiarity, that the general coloration of the imder surflice is similar to that of Arthemis, varying as this varies from cinnamon or ferruginous-red to chocolate-brown, exhibiting many shades of color. Now in Ursula from the districts in which Arthemis is unknown there is almost always a flush of blue-black or of green over a dark brown ground, though occasionally an example is ferruginous or light brown, just as some Arthemis are. On the other hand, now and then an example of Proser- pina from the Catskills has a flush of blue-black. I have in my cabinet such a Proserpina placed side by side with an Ursula taken at Coalburgh, W. Va., in LBIENITIS I. which last the blue flush is much less than usual in examples here, and the two are scarcely if at all distinguishable from each other. Therefore I cannot say that all these Milford examples are not Proserpina; and indeed I do not know where Proserpina ends and Ursula begins, though a typical example of each is distinct enough. Mr. Scudder, in the report before cited, speaking of Ursula [Asbjanax), sa3^s : "It is tolerably abundant in the southern parts of New England, and occurs about as fir north as the annual isotherm of 4:5% the northernmost points recorded being Did din and Milford, N. H." Arthcmis must rarely cross the southern line of New Hampshire, or of Ver- mont except at the Hoosac Mountains, which are a continuation of the Green Mountains. Dr. Harris states that it is rare in Massachusetts; and Prof. H. W. Parker, of Amherst, writes that he has never seen it in his district, or on Mounts Tom and Holyoke, or on the hills about Chester. Mr. Anson Allen, of Orono, central Maine, says, " Arthemis is common here, but I have never known of Proserpina being taken. Ursula is not found here." Mr. H. H. Lyman, Can. Ent., VI., p. 38, speaks of Ursula {Ephestion) as bav- in"- been taken at Portland, Me. ; but I learn from him that he is now satisfied that the butterflies were Proserpina. To the eastward, Proserpina is recorded by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Can. Ent., II., p. 55, as having been taken in Nova Scotia. Mr. Robert Bunker, of Rochester, N. Y., says that Proserpina has not been taken in that part of the State, so far as he knows, but that Arthemis is taken about Rochester every sunnner. Also that Ursula is not common. At Albany, N. Y., which is nearly in the latitude of the southern line of Ver- mont and New Hampshire, and is half a degree north of the Catskills, and not more than thirty miles from them, Arthemis- is usually rare, but in some sea- sons has appeared in considerable numbers, according to Mr. Lintner. He has sent me two males of undoubted Proserjnna, with traces of the band on both sur- faces, and another like these, but with no trace. As these graded from Proser- pina to what seemed to be Ursula, Mr. Lintner was led to the same conclusion that other observers had reached, that Ursula orginated with Arthemis, through Proserpina. This apparent Ursula is precisely like the imbanded examples from Milford, with the coloration of under surface as in Proserpina. Mr. Robert M. Grey, residing at Kenwood, near Albany, writes that he has taken examples of Proserpina three miles below Albany in company with Ur- sula. And of three males sent me by Mr. Grey, one was somewhat banded, while the other .two showed no trace of the band, and were of same type as the supposed Ursula of Mr. Lintner. Mr. Grey states further that he has taken Proser- LIMENITIS I. pina in the Heldeberg Mountains, fifteen miles back of Albany, in compan}^ with Artliemlx. An example sent from that locality was Proserpina, slightly banded. A fifth male, taken live miles back of Albany', in " company with Arthemis and Ursula." as Mr. Grey states, also showed traces of the band. It is evident in all these cases that what has 2)assed as Ursula is only distinguished from Proserpina by the absence of the band. Both these types in districts inhabited by Arthe- mis probalily come from the same brood of larvte. With the examples sent by Mr. Grey was a very interesting one of Dis/ppus, considerably melanized, so that there was sufficient approach to the black species to suggest hybridism be- tween the two. Mr. Adolph Conradi, of Bethlehem, Penn., writes : " Arthemis is common in Monroe and Pike counties, northeastern Pennsylvania, in the pine swamps. Pros- erjmia I have never taken myself, but a friend took one in Monroe County last summer. This had the white band on primaries entirely wanting, whereas on secondaries it was fully developed. I have been a collector of lepidoptera for the last eighteen years and have taken Ursula in at least twenty counties of this State, but I have never taken one which varies from the ordinary type." Going westward. Dr. R. M. W. Gibbs, of Kalamazoo, Mich., writes that Ar- ihemis is not a common species. That Proserpina has l)een taken in Wexford County in the northwest (lat. 4-i ). Prof A. J. Cook, of Lansing, says that Arthemis is found in the very north of the State, but is rare, so much so that no examples of it are in the cabinet of the Agricultural College. Prosciyina is found in the middle counties, and Ursula in the south. Mr. Charles E. Worthington, of Chicago, has collected extensively for several years in northern Indiana and Illinois, but has not met Arthemis or Proserpina, though Ursula is frequently seen. Dr. J. P. Hoy, of Racine, Wis., writes that Arthemis was formei'ly quite com- mon in his neighborhood, but of late 3'ears has become very rare, and that Proserpina in certain localities was numerous ; and he sent me a well-marked example of the latter form, male. Rev. J. D. Hulst collected in Minnesota, near St. Cloud, and at Duluth and Sault St. Marie : found Arthemis everywhere, but saw no Proserpina. As to the northern limits of Proserpina : Mr. Wm. Brodie, of Toronto, writes that his experience is based on accjuaintance of thirty years with Artliemis, mostly in the central parts of County of York, about thirty miles north of To- ronto. Arthemis was very abundant, but he never saw a Canadian specimen of Proseijritia. On the other hand, Mr. W. Murray, of Hamilton, Ontario, says : " For the LIMENITIS I. last seven or eight years I have found Proserpina in company with Arthemis, but they are never plenty. Four years ago, 2d July, I tried sugaring in the day- time, and among the insects Avhich came to the sugar were four Arthcin/s and one Proserpina. On the tree one of the Arthemis was trying to mate with the Proserpina, when I disturbed them." Hamilton is about fifty miles to the south of Toronto, and nearly in line with the southern boundary of Vermont. So in Can. Eut., IX., p. 140, Mr. Moffat states that Prosetpina has been taken near Hamilton occasionally, and always in company with Arthemis. In Can. Ent., VII., p. 208, is a list of butterflies taken at Godbout River, on the north side of the lower St. Lawrence, in the seasons 1873 and 1874, in which Arthemis is included, and said to be common, but neither Proserpina nor Ursula are mentioned. I formerly received a large invoice of butterflies collected by Mrs. Christina Ross, at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie's River, and among them were many Arthemis, but no Proserpina. But to the west of Fort Simpson, Mr. Dall did not find the species on the Yukon River. Nor did Mr. Crotch meet with it in British Colum- bia. I have never seen an example taken in the Rocky Mountains, and I think the statement of Mr. Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., VI., p. 143, that Arthemis has been taken in Colorado, must be erroneous. The westerir limit of the species seems to be to the east of the Rocky Moun- tains, and the southern coincides nearly with latitude 43°, but where high moun- tains cross that line the limit lies a degree or two farther south. Proserpina appeal's in certain localities along, the southern area between latitude 44° and 43°, and in the Catskills, 42°. The southern limit of Proserpina coincides with the northern limit of Ursula, and in some regions, as in Michigan, probaljly overlaps. And \\\\qi'&\qv Proserpina appears there are found individuals banded almost as conspicuously as Arthemis, and from tlrese there is a regular o:radation to what has been considered a north- em form of Urmila, showing no band or traces of one, and these last, as we go south, grade into the typical Ursula. Below the line of Arthemis there is a belt of several degrees of latitude in which many Ursula closely resemble Proserpina, with the exception of the band. In other words, the northern form of Ursula lives througliout this liroad belt, side by side with the southern form. The former are blacker on upper side, the latter are suffused with blue or green, and the lustrous area is not confined to the margins of secondaries, but often runs quite to the base. The former have the under surface either dark or light brown, run- ning into ferruginous, and the apex of primaries is of the same hue with second- aries. In the latter a blue or green sheen hides the ground of secondai'ies, and the apex is of a light shade of brown, and often more or less suft'uscd with a LIMENITIS I. hoary white ; and not unfrequenth' in this belt are taken individuals which have traces more or less distinct of a whitish band across one or both wings. I liave occasionally taken such examples at Coalburgh, lat. 38° 20'. Dr. John Hamilton, of Allegheny, Penn., lat. 40" 30', writes: "During seven yeai-s I have never seen Artliemls in this County, and I have never seen a specimen wliich was cap- tured in this State. Ursula is counnon. Many of them, especially of the females, have the white band on l^oth sides of the wing." Dr. Hamilton sent me a pair, both of which show this band, the female on both sides, the male on under side only. I may mention here that the female figured as Proserpina in "\'olume I. of this work is undoubtedly a banded Ursula. Tt was taken in the mountains of Penn- svlvania. I received from Mr. Wortlilnu-ton 2 c? 2 9 Ursula, tali^en near Chicao-o. These were of large size and of the soutliem type, Imt one uiale mid one female show the band very plainly on the under side of primaries. Examples of Ursula from Arizona diller more from tliose of West Virginia than the latter from Proserjnna of the (Jatskills. There is a constant departure from the northern type as we go to the south and southwest. I believe, therefore, with Messrs. Whitney, Liutner, Gre\-. and otiiers, that of these forms, Arthemis is the original ; that it first gave off Proserjnna in special localities and under some influence, perhaps of climate, but not A'ct determined, just as Papilio Turnus gave oft' Glaucus ; and that from Proserpina has come Ursula, which, as it made its way south, became douldc-In-ooded, and has more and more diverged from its first type. Unfortunately I have not yet l)een able to breed Ursula, and know the larva only from figures. As given in Abl)ot. it is like the larva of Proserpina in color. It is quite imlike that given in IJoisduval and Leconte, which resembles the larva of Disippus. Arthemis is a forest species, and may be seen, in its season, either singly or in groups, along the roads and paths, particularly wherever there is excrementi- tious or decaying animal matter. When alarmed, it darts swiftly away and courses up and down the path, or tlies into the trees, but will soon return to its first resting-place. It flies at some distance from the forest also, and visits or- chards for the rotten apples, and farm-houses for the chance of what it may find to its liking. Mr. Scudder tells us that " the matrons of the houses in the valley of Peabody Piiver, N. H., complain of these insects entering their kitchens in such numlier as to be a very nuisance. One of them relates how she has taken more than fifty on the inside of her windows on a single morning. Mr. Hill saw, on one occasion in the i^dirondacks, a log closely packed with Arthemis standing LIMENITIS I. side by sicle.^ The larvae feed on fhe leaves of willow, aspen, bass-wood, and, it is said, on thorn. In the Catskills, the eggs are laid the last daijs of July or early in August, on 3'oung trees, and but one egg upon one leaf This is placed near the tip (Fig. «), and the newly hatched larva eats away the leaf on both sides of the midrib. When at rest, it is to he found on the stripped portion of the rib, and is easily discovered by this halnt. When two larvJB are hatched on one leaf, as happens when two eggs have been laid in confinement, Mr. Mead has noticed that one of them occupies the midrib, while the other rests on a perch con- structed by itself from the side of the leaf. This perch, he says, is nearly a quarter of an inch long and about one fiftieth of an inch in diameter, irregularly cylindrical and composed of frass and small bits of the leaf, fastened together and covered with grayish silk. Limenitis Dis'qj2jus has in all resj)ects larval habits similar to Arthemis, and as I have often watched the construction of the perch in that species, one account will apply to both. The end of the rib is no sooner laid bare than it is coated and wound with silk, and to the extremity are fixed grains of larval excrement, at first l)ut two or three, jjlaced one after the other in line. These are bound together and to the rib, and being small as grains of rifle powder, they form a continuation of about the same dimensions as the rest of the j^erch, and seem effectual to prevent curling as the rib dries (Fig. h). As the larva grows, the process is continued until this artificial portion will measure five or six tenths of an inch, and makes a stout, irregular cylinder, the entire perch reaching about one and a half inches (Fig. h). It is constantly strengthened by additions of silk, the larva almost invariably, as it goes back and forth from its feeding ground, adding threads and patching the weak places. On the perch the larva, in its 3'ounger stages, that is, l^efore hybernation, always rests, going to the leaf for food at short intervals. It occupies the middle of the jierch and its usual attitude is a twist, the ventral legs clasping; but the anterior half of the body is bent down by the side of and somewhat under the perch. If two larvte are placed on the same leaf, one always takes possession of the extremity, often with some- thing of a contest and knocking of heads together ; but the other will presently be found on one edge, excavating on either side of a narrow strip which is to con- 1 The habit of gathering in dense crowds is common to many species of butterflies, an till the mass is turned over. After the second stage the packet is left behind, and no additions are made to it. (Fig. h). I was at first puzzled to account lor this construction ; but happening to see one of the caterpillars back down the perch and drop its excrement directly into the packet, it occurred to me that really this was the magazine whence the larva drew its materials for lengthening the perch. On pulling some of the pack- ets apart a few grains were always found in them. This I believe to be the use of the packets, and without some contrivance to catch the frass, it is difficult to see how the larva obtains the materials it uses. Apparently it drops just about enough into the packet for the object in view, for it is certain that the grains aro usually expelled wherever the larva happens to be, and fall to the ground. After the end of the perch is sufficiently strengthened and there is no further need of the grains, the packet is dropped behind and neglected. The larvaj oi Artltemls hatch in from seven to nine days, undergo two moults, and construct, each for itself, cases or hybernacula of leaves in which to pass the LIMENITIS I. Avinter. As the weather in sirring becomes settled and warm, they emerge from their cases, feed a few days sparingly, and pass the third moult, soon to be fol- lowed by the fourth and last, and must change to clirysalids from 1st to 15th June. The form Proserjnna was by many lepidopterists considered to be a variation of Ursula ; by others as a probable hybiud between tliat species and Arthemis ; and others, again, suspected dimorphism with Arthemis. To settle the point. Mi-. Mead made efforts to breed from the eggs of both forms in 1875, and in Can. Ent., A'lL, p. 102, relates the history of the experiment as follows : " In obtaining eggs of Arthemis, I have been very successful, partly, I tliink, on account of a metliod of keeping the parent in good health and spirits, devised some years ago, and which has given very satisfactory results. A notch is cut in the side of an empty wooden box, through which a branch of willow may be passed, care being taken to select a leafy spray so as to partially fill tlie Hox with foli- age. It is then covered with gauze tacked fast on one side and part w^ay on the adjoining sides, that on the fourth being held down by a piece of wood fastened to the remaining flap of gauze. This renders easy the examination of the contents at any time. A saucer of raw dried apple, sugared, and partly filled with water, is put in, and the cage is comjjlete. Butterflies like Ar- themis will live in such a vivarium for two weeks and more after their ca])ture, and appear to enjoy the food provided for them immensely, laying many more eggs than if inclosed in a bag and allowed to perish of hunger and thirst. My fifteen females of Arthemis have laid a very large number of eggs, probably over five himdred. They at first observe the usual custom of depositing the eggs on the tips of the leaves, but become i-eckless after a while and lay them anywhere. I counted considerably over a hundred upon the cloth covering the box. A fe- male of Proserpina has also laid thirty-one eggs." This was last of July, at Hunter, in the Catskills. The Iarva3 from these eggs in lax'ge numbers lived to make their cases, and part were brought by me to Coalbui-gh, while Mr. Mead retained part at Ithaca, N. Y. All these were found to be dead in the spring, from our not understanding the conditions necessary for preserving them. But a few of the Arthemis larvas had been allowed to feed on the leaves of a small wil- low, in New York city, and to make their cases on it, and three or four were alive These all produced Arthemis, and we therefore knew no more of the relationship of Prosa'2)ina than before. In August, 1876, I went to the Catskills too late by nearly a month for the season of these butterflies. But a few individuals, mostly females, were still fly- ing, and I took some of each form and treated as directed by Mr. Mead. All re fused to lay except one Proserpina, which deposited eleven eggs. The efleet ol LLME^"ITIS I. the feeding on sugar water was to make the bodies enormously fat, so that they swelled out like the bodies of wasps and the msect could scarcely move about, aiid in a few days died. Probably this excess of fat hindered the laying of eggs, for there always were found to be a few mature eo-o-s in the ovaries. These esrsrs o£ Proserjjina hatched, beginning on the ninth day, and the larvic fed well. But before they had reached the hA-bernating stage, I had to guard them in a warm room, and to keep branches of aspen and willow in water to supply them with food. Out of doors the leaves were falling, the frosts Ijecoming severe, and it was certain that not one of these larvae or of any larvie, then feeding naturally, could have reached the hybernating stage. The existence of the species is in fact due to the develojiment of the eggs laid in July and earljMU August. The larvtB hatched 10th to 12th September, began to pass their first moult, ISfli. and second on 24th. Nine lived through the second moult. On 27th, the first one had completed and taken possession of its case.^ The eggs had been laid on willow, but after second moult I trans- ferred the larvie to aspen, which they readily took to. Very soon after the transfer some of them began to cut out the patterns of the cases. First eating a narrow canal for one ({uarter inch, the width of the head, ob- liquely outward from the stem at base, a ; next a canal of same length on the side of the leaf, about three fifths the distance to the apex, perpendicular to the edge, b, then turninij; this at a riii'ht anu-le in the direction of the first canal and cuttinu' for a little distance; then crossing to the other half of the leaf and cutting similar canals; after which the extremity of the leaf was cut off by an incision from I In' bend in the second canal directed obliquely forward to the midrib, first on one side then on the other, c ; next the first and second canals on one side were joined, d, then on the other side, and there remained of the leaf but a small iiddle- shaped piece, lying almost equally on either side the rib. Before and during the time this work was progres.sing, the larva had taken intervals of rest from the cut- ting, and had occupied itself in weaving threads from the branch to the stem, and along the upper side of the leaf, thus coating with silk what was to be the inside of the case. Finally, beginning at the base, it drew the edges partly together for a little distance, leaving an open space between of about one tenth inch, and held them in position by single threads ; then proceeded to weave a ' The larv.-e of DislppHs, at Co;ilburn;h, pass either two ov three moults before hybernation, liut I have known of only two moults in this species after hybernation. To the northward I think it possible that the fall moults are limited to two, as with Arthemis. LLAIENITIS I. thick permanent covering to this gap ; which done, it worked back, drawing the edges as before, and weaving, till at length the case was complete. (Fig. i.) As it spun, the larva was in a constant state of anxiety about its work, as if it foresaw the storms of rain and wind it must be subjected to for many long months, sluit in this slender house. In closing, it lies along the midrib inside, its anterior segments extending over the top, and it moves its head from side to side weaving a concave edge. But it often reached far over and added a thread here and there where the work seemed to be finished, and it would frequently leave the case to inspect the fastenings about the branch, and to weave additional threads there as needed. The silk is passed entirely around the branch, and binds both sides of the leaf-stem. In weaving at tlie case the larva would soon lyecome ex- hausted. I timed one activelj' at work for ten minutes, and there succeeded an interval about as long of rest, the larva lying motionless along the midrib. When at last the case is finished, the larva enters, and rests awhile, but presently comes out, runs about examining the stem and the fastenings, then returns — and this scrutiny will be repeated perhaps three or four times. Two larvag were kept in the same glass, each of which had commenced a case and partly inclosed it, when I removed one. The other soon began to amuse itself by shifting about, trying each case and working at it, and finally completed and oc- cupied that which it had not begun. Some days after all had apparently retired for the season, one came out and wandered uneasily about, but a few hours later was found to have returned to its case and was seen no more. There was some variation in the mode of cutting the pattern, as sometimes work was begun on the side of the leaf instead of at the base. But it always resulted in the same fiddle-shaped piece. The cutting was evidently fatiguing, from the inconvenient position of body required, the head and anterior segments having to ha bent sideways, even to a right angle much of the time, and the larva frequently rested and shifted its place. It was never found on the wrong side of the cut, however, or in danger of falling Avith the rejected portion of the leaf Occasionally after having begun a case the larva would desert it and con- struct another. The larvfe finally entered the cases head first, their bodies con- tracting in length and proportionately thickening so as to completely fill the vipper end of the tube, and allow nothing to be visible from the aperture, while over this last the long flap of the leaf soon curved sufficiently to keej) out water. Prolmbly in natural state the case is constructed from the leaf on which the caterpillar began its existence, whether willow or aspen. This is so with Disip- inis. The ends of the leaves have been eaten away and only the sides need shaping. But if the residue is insufficient, or for any reason does not answer the purpose, the caterpillar moves to another leaf and begins cutting. LIMENITIS I. In relating the history of MeHt;\?a Phaeton, I have shown how caterpillars work in community for protection against the winter. In the present case we see the individual taking care for itself, and with what forethought, mechanical skill, and patience the end is secured. Some caterpillars cover themselves in a web, or bind two leaves together loosely ; more conceal themselves under wood and stone, or in the sod ; but here is one who has turned tailor, weaver, and house-builder. It knows jiist what sort of leaf to choose for its purpose, takes its own measure- ment, cuts out the pattern on a system peculiar but eflfective, sows it up. and inserts an elastic silk band which will be its security when the drying leaf con- tracts, upholsters the interior, binds the stem of the leaf firmly to the brancli, and takes possession, even having provided against the ingress of water by a flap shaped when the pattern was cut out. One cannot but wonder how such a habit originated and how it is perpetuated. Young birds are supposed to make obser- vations on the nest they were fledged in, and so prepare themselves to build a similar one when the proper time comes ; but this caterpillar never saw anything like its winter house, and the butterfly which laid the egg from ^yhich the cater- pillars came knew nothing of houses. In the event of there being a summer as well as a foil bi"ood of one of these case-making species, as in the southern Disrppus and Ursula, the larva3 of the early broods need no shelter, as they take no rest, but proceed through all the larval stages to maturity and to chrys- alis, and this habit of house-building manifests itself, therefore, only in the alter- nate generations. Nothing in the life-history of a butterfly seems more won- derful than that the egg should invariably- be laid on the food plant proper to its caterpillar; for very few caterpillai-s are omnivorous, but nearly all will feed on two or three, and often on one species only of plant, and if they do not find the right plant they die of hunger. It would seem as if the butterfly has a remembrance of her former caterpillar state. Now she is as different as pos- sible, a creature of the sun and air, eating no solid food, for she has no mouth, but lives on liquids drawn up through a tube ; then she was a crawling worm, and voraciously fed on leaves, cutting them with powerful jaws. And between these stages there has intervened another that would seem to have divided them completely, certainly to have extinguished all recollections in the butterfly'. And yet she seeks the particular plant her caterpillar must feed on, and finds it.^ ' At Coalbiirgh the larvce of Disippus feed on willow, and no aspen grows in this part of the State. In the Catskills, both willows and aspens abound, and there this species prefers to feed on the latter. I have often found their cases on young aspens late in the fall, but never on willow, though willow would be used if there ■was no choice. In 1876, I brought several small aspens to Coalburgh and planted, and since that time I find many larvse of Disippus feeding on the leaves; but on the willows near by, on which I had been accustomed to find them, I rarely have met one. Here was a case where perhaps for hundreds of generations neither caterpillar nor butterfly could have seen an aspen, but the moment one was produced the butterfly knew what would suit the caterpillar best, and deserted the willow. LIMENITIS I. The hybernacula are liable to be robbed by birds and probably by some in- sects, for those of Disij)2)us may often be found opened near the base, the larvte missing. I brought the cases of Proserpina to Coalburgh, and kept them out of doors daring the fall and winter, exposed to the weather, but shaded from the sun, binding them to the twigs of a little tree, and covering the whole with a muslin bag to protect from birds or insects. This method succeeded well. On 10th March, I removed them to the greenhouse, having previously forced willow branches so that a provision of leaves was secured. On the 29th, two came out of their cases, and on the 31st passed the third moult. One of the Proserpina larva? came out of fourth moult with only one of the clubbed appendages on third segment, its place being supjjlied by a small tubercle similar to the two inner ones on saiue segment; but there was no deformity in the butterfly which came from this larva. They were voracious feeders, liked best to be in the full glare of the sun, and moved about very little. As they approached maturity, I arranged some arched twigs for them to suspend to, and was able to watch the process of spinning the button of silk and attaching the anal feet to it. This button was thick, rounded, made of white silk, and soon after it was finished the larva turned round, and with some effort got the hinder pair of its ventral legs upon it, moving back and forth till it reached that position, depending entirely upon its sense of feeling. Then it moved for- ward slowly till the anal legs touched the silk ; after which it braced itself on all its thoracic and ventral legs and began, with much muscular action, especially ap- parent in the last three segments, to force the claws of the anal legs into the silk, pushing back, then pulling forward and pushing back again, with repetition for nearly five minutes, till the object was accomplished. Then the larva rested exhausted and perfectly quiet, its head and thoracic segments hanging so that the legs on these segments did not touch the twig, the ventral legs all clasp- ing it. Shortly after, it cast off and hung by the anal pair only, the body straight, the anterior sesruients nearly at ria'ht auo;les, the bend beino- on the fifth ses;- ment. Twenty-four hours later, the bodj? hung in a sinuous curve, and the an- terior segments were roundly bent up, the head resting on second segment. Ten hours after, I observed a muscular movement from tail to head, passing in waves beneath the skin, while the body was nearly straight and much elongated. After some minutes of these throes, the skin burst on the top of the head and down the suture of the face as well as back to the third segment, and the mesonotum of the chrysalis forced its way through the rent, followed by the head case, and by the creeping movement of the body the skin was slowly shuffled back. The rent was oblique, the dorsal side of the chrysalis being exposed three segments LIMENITIS I. bevoiul the ventral, aiicl the skin fitted tightly on the anterior parts, bnt at the last segments was loosening and packing in a mass. As the skin on the dor- sal side was pnshed back to the tenth segment, a violent and somewhat pro- tracted ellbrt beu'an lor the extrication of the tail of the chrvsalis from the skin, and the abdominal segments were snccessively expanded and contracted to an extreme degree, wliile the chrysalis rose steadily towards the bntton of silk and grasped it with the liooklets on the end of the anal pads, after an extraordinary and convulsive struggle, in which it threw itself almost up to a line horizontal with the silk. Observations recently made on the pupation of the Nymphalida^, by Dr. J. A. Osborne and others, show that the chrysalis at the crisis of pupation is supported by a membrane or ligament formed of the inner coat of the larval skin, which catches on two knobs or points developed about same time on the anterior edge of the last segment of the chrysalis, and so holds the chrvsalis till the hooks are caurfit in the silk. It has hitherto been assumed that the support was found in the grasping of the skin between the segments of the chrysalis. When the chrysalis of Proseriyina r.ested, it Avas greatly stretched and quite different in shape from what it soon after became. At first it measured .95 inch long, the head case was very short, and the wing cases measured but .3 inch in length, reaching just over the upper edge of seventh segment, and were scarcely raised above the sm-face of the thorax. The dorsal a2)pendage was but little rounded, not very prominent, and its edge was l)lunt instead of sharp, the sides swollen instead of excavated. Moreover, it was equally curved at both ends. In course of an hour the abdominal segments had telescoped, the wing cases had crept to the top of eighth segment, lengthening one tenth inch, and were much elevated, giving the hunched form to the chrysalis which is characteristic of the genus ; the head case had thrust itself out, the mesonotum become rounded and very prominent, and the dorsal appendage was unevenly rounded at the ends, thin, sharp, excavated on its sides. The chrysalis finally measured .8 instead of .95 inch. I had lost some of the larvie durinfj the winter and brouii-ht but four to chrysalis. From these chrysalids emerged three Lamina and one Proserpina, which last is shown on the Plate (Fig. 5). As may be seen, this is vei-y near Ursula. In Vol. I. is figured a male with the white bands largely develojsed, and examples may be taken in the Catskills showing every grade between these extremes. ^^y- LIMENITIS I. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. ARTHEMIS. Figs. 1, 2, Form LAMINA $., 3, 4, ?. Fig. 5, Form PROSERPINA $. Var. of same $. a. Egg ; a", same magnified ; a^, mici'opyle of same. b. Young larva (not on Plate but near a) ; Ir, same magnified ; b% bead of same magnified. r. Larva after 1st moult; c", same ; c^, head, magnified. d. Larva after 2d moult ; (P, head, magnified. c. Larva after 3d moult, natural size ; e", head, magnified. /. Larva ^ter 4th moult, natural size ; /-, same stage, but mature. f^. Head after 4th moult, magnified. g. Chrysalis ; !.s dorsum and down the sides, encroaching dor.sally also somewhat on 8 and 10 ; this is at first scarcely distinguishable from the general hue, but a few hours after the monlt, it l)econies lighter, or red-Inif!"; a fleshy ridge along the base, over legs, broadest on the last segments; on segments after 2 is one broad dorsal transverse ridge, followed by one and two narrow and lower ridges, and tliese arc thickly set with small, irregular, conical tubercles, each with short hair; on dorsum, from 5 to 12, are two rows of processes, jilaced at the ends of the broad ridges, each with a crest of little fleshy knobs, or grains; on 6 and 12, these are larger than elsewhere, more elongated and acute, on 11 next in size, the rest smaller; on the fronts of these segments, and on 4, are two simple tubercles in advance of and between the dorsal processes; on 5, 7, 8, 9 the processes are yellow ; on the other segments, red-brown ; on 3 the broad ridge is considerably elevated and at each end is a prominent appendage, .03 inch long, stout at base, tapering to top, black, beset on sides with tawny spurs ; between the bases of these are two small, vellow-crested tul)ercles; on 4 is a slight eleva- tion, on which stand four equal vellow-crested tubercles ; along- the basal ridge are others, similar ; head obovate, narrowing towards top, bilobed, the vertices high, rather conical, each bearing a short black knob, the summit of which is rounded, with a little cone in the middle, and a circlet of six others about it, springing from near the base, each with short bristle ; color of face blackish red- l)rown ; the surface rough, and on it many low, roimded and pointed tubercles, those at and near the top largest, and either red-brown, lighter than the face, or yellowish, — the rest black ; along the back of the head, both at top and sides, a row of forked or bi-anching spurs, one of which, standing back of each ver- tex, rises above the knob (as shown in Fig./"*). The head and its appendages scarcely vary from first moult to maturity, except in color. (Figs, c, c^ magni- fied.) As the stage progresses, the dorsal patch becomes distinct, whitish ; and the general body-color changes from red-brown and yellow to sordid gray. Duration of this sta- ints at same time, and had occasion to remai'k all the minor points, informs me that the grains on the dorsal tubercles and processes of Ei^os are both larger and in greater number than in Dlslppus. I compare the differences between the larva^ in color ; tlius, — Eros, after first moult. Disippus, after fii-st moult. Color reil-lirowu ; the ai)pentlages on 3 are .03 Color mottled tawny and dark (not red) lirown ; inch long, tapering to top, black. the appendages ou 3 are .01 inch long, merely tul)ercles, with cluster of grains (as in Art/wmis Plate, Fig. c^), some of these white, some black. After second moult. After second moult. Color red-brown ; the appendages .0.5 inch long ; Color more black, less tawny ; the appendages tapering, black, with separated spurs ou sides. .03 inch long, thick, club-sliaped, covered closely with grains, mostly tawny, a few black (as in Ar- themis, Plate, fig. f/.). After third moult. After third summer moult. Color deep red, or ferruginous, the anterior Color black, the tops of all tubercles tawny ; segments and dorsal patch red-butl'; the appendages the appendages .OG to .08 inch long, clubbed, as from .11 to .16 inch long, black, slender, taper- before, tawoy. ing from base to top, bent forward near top, with scattered spurs over sides, which spurs are black, the tips tawny. LIMENITIS II. After fourth moult. Color red-ferruginous, the anterior segments and dorsal patch red-buif, the appendages from .13 to .3 inch long (almost always over .21 inch), glossy black, slender, tapering to top and bent for- ward near top, at an angle (even the shortest are bent), top thinly clothed with sharp spurs, which are black, the tips tawny ; color of head red, the lower part of face red-black. After fourth (the last) summer moult. Color variable, either dark red-brown (not fer- ruginous), the anterior segments brown-buil, the patch light-buff, pink-tinted, or, dark yellow- brown, the anterior segments yellow-white, the patch yellow, with buff tint; the appendages .12 to .22 inch long (almost always under .18 inch), either clubbed and closely covered throughout with tawny grains, sometimes mi.xed with black ; or tapering for three quarters their length, then clubbed, the club thickly covered witli grains ; (the shorter processes are clubbed, the longer tapering, but clubbed at top); head amber coloi\ in some cases yellow-brown, the top and sides pinkish. In general, at all stages after the first, the larvae of Eros are red ; those of Dlsipjyus tawny and black. The remarkable prolongation of the appendages on third segment in Eros, strikes the observer at first acquaintance forcibly, if familiar with the short clubbed ones of Disipjnis. Of 8 larvte of Eros at third moult, the lengths of these in hundredths inch were 11, 11, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 16 ; averaging .1.3 inch. Of Dis'vppus at same stage, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10 : averaging .76 inch. At fourth moult in Eros, 13, 14, 22, 24, 24, 26, 26, 26, 28, 30 ; aver- aging .233 inch. Of Disippus, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, averaging .102 inch. In the absence of a Plate of Disipj^its, this contrast in the appendages is well shown by comparing Fig./^ of Eros, Plate, with Figs e" and /^ of Arthemis, as well as the figures of the larvae in their several stages. LIMENITIS IT. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. t EROS. Figs. 1, 2, 9 Var LEILIA R 7 i « Chi.sli-i of F.ygx. h. Kijt^ ma, fusco maculata^, apice fusca? maculis tribus albis ocellisqiie duobus atris iride flava, anteriori papilla alba, posteriori ca'co. Striga marginalis flava. Postic* basi obscura^ striga e maculis quinque flavis, apice rufis, maculis sex ocellaribus, atris. Subtus tlavo fuscoque variegatfe ocellis octo atris iride flava pupillaque coerulea." "Fore lo'oKjs fuacous, spotted with yellow and white ; Mnd tvimjs ferrvginous with six blind ocelli ; under side variegated, with eight ocelli. PapUlo Lycaon, of Jones's drawings, plate 17, fig. 1. Ilahifdt tmknoion. Collection of Mr. Drury. Body of medium length, fuscous, the sides of the abdomen fuIvor(s. Fore loings above fuscous, spotted with yellow and white, and with a blind ocellus, which is black with a reddish iris ; loider side yeJloio at base, spotted with fuscous, the apex fuscous, with three white spots and two black ocelli with yellow irides, the anterior one pupilled with white, tlie other blind ; the mar- ginal sfrij}e yellow. Hind wings obscure at base, with a stripe and five yel- low spots, rufous at aper, with six black ocelli. Under side variegated uritli yellow and fuscous, with eight black ocelli which have yellow irides and blue pupils." This description cannot apj^ly to Celtis, for in that species the vjjj^er side of the hind wing is not ferruginous, nor is the ajjex rufous, and there is no yellow marginal strijje on either wing ; the fore icing is also described as fuscoiis, which implies that it is wholly fuscous, whereas in Celtis the basal third is of quite another color. On the under side there is no yellow marginal stripe on the fore wing, nor is the base yellow, and the hind wing is not variegated with yellow and fuscous ; nor are the sides of the cdjdomcn fulvous. All the spots spoken of are characteristic of the entire group, and, color excepted, which is in every particular inapplicable to Celtis, there is not one specific character given. For the extra-discal rows of spots and the ocelli on the fore wings, and the discal spots and ocelli of the hind wings, are found in Celtis, Alicia, and Leilia, and with the single exception of the ocellus on the fore wings, are found in Clyton also, a species belonging to another group ; and most of these mark- ings, especially the ocelli of the hind wings and the apical spots of primaries are found in Idyja, Hiib., and its allies, which form still another grouji. Fabricius is supposed to have made up his descriptions from the colored figures by Jones, but he refers to the insect as being in Drury's collection, and he must have seen it there, for that collection was one of the best known in Europe. These figures are still preserved at Oxford, and have been inspected by Mr. A. G. Butler. He is of the opinion that they were meant to represent Alicia, and sa3^s, in a letter to me, " It is certainly not Celtis, which I know well." Mr. Riley has received fi'om Professor Westwood uncolored tracings. APATURA I. copies of some formerly made from Jones's drawings, and has permitted me to see them. In the absence of coloring, these tracings may pass for Celtis, or Alicia, or Leilia. They merely exhibit the group chaa-acters, and are useless in determining the specific. Fabricius gave no habitat for Lycaon, and the chief reason nrged for applying his description to any American species whatever, when it plainly fits none, is that no other is known to exist to which it would apply better, — truly a very insufficient reason. It is by no means impossible that a fourth or a fifth species belonging to this same group may yet be forthcoming, and it would be difficult to show that the Fabrician description, or Jones's figures, were not mtended for one of these. And for aught that appears, the figures may have been taken from an Asiatic species. The same reason has been alleged for applying to Clyton Bois. the description of Herse Fab., founded also upon Jones's drawings. But after seeing tracings of these, I entertain not a doubt that they were meant to represent either Idyja, or a species allied to that, and could not possibly have been meant for Chjton. Boisduval's names should be retained for both these species. They were figured and described by him now more than forty years ago, and as Celtis and Clyton have been known during all this period. The differences between Celtis and Alicia may be seen by comparing the figures on our Plates. (Alicia, Vol. I. pi. 45.) They consist principally in size and color, the preparatory stages of Alicia not being known. It is a similar case to that of Turnus and Enrymeclon, or Eurytheme and Philodice, wliich difter in color only, and with many species of many genera which might be mentioned. The description of Lycaon applies to Alicia, apart from the group characters, but in a single particular, the upper side of secondaries being fer- ruginous, and tails in evei'y other point mentioned. I have bred large numbers of Celtis from the e^g, expressly to see if any variety like Alicia would result. But there has appeared nothing of the kind. Mr. Riley, nearly a thousand miles west of me, in Missouri, has had a like ex- perience. And from Texas, as fiir south of Missouri, come numerous examples agreeing with those bred in West Virginia. The pair of Alicia from which the descriptions were drawn, were taken in Louisiana, but others have been received from Georgia, and the species may be conmion in the Gulf States. If it were a mere climatic variety of Celtis then it should take the place of that species in Texas, on the same parallel. Note. — After the foregoing lines were in print, — 9tb May, 1875, — upon a half-opened leaf bud of Hackberry, on one of the upper branches of the tree, six feet from the ground, I found a caterpillar of Celtis, just out of hybernation, feeding. The ground had been swept by the winds all winter, and three weeks before the date mentioned had been ploughed. I must beliove that the caterpillar had hybernated on the tree. APATURA I. APATURA LEILIA, 7, 8. Apatiirn Lei/in, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vul. V., p. 103, 1874. Male. — Expands 1.8 inch. Upper side of primaries next base and partly in the median interspaces, and of secondaries thronghout, ferruginous ; the remainder of primaries, which comprises the apical area to median nervure and to cell, and the discal portion of the median interspaces, fuscous ; liind margins bordered narrowly by fus- cous ; both wings have a sub-marginal black stripe, and a little anterior to this, a second, which, on secondaries, is either very slightly crenated, or is crenated next outer angle and serrated posteriorly ; primaries have a transverse row of seven spots, either all white, or the upper three or four white and remainder yellow, arranged in a double curve, the first two and fifth nearly equal, the third and fourth minute, the sixth and seventh, near inner mai-gin, ec[ual, rather smaller tJian the fifth and sometimes conHuent ; midway l)etween this row and the margin is a second row of white spots and ocelli ; the spots, two in number, being placed on the upper sub-costal and the discoidal interspaces ; the three ocelli, on the lower sub-costal and the median interspaces, are black, rounded, the upper one small, with an indistinct pale iris, the others large, nearly equal, each with a few blue scales forming a minute eccentric spot and each sur- rounded by a pale brown nimbus ; in the cell two transverse bars, the one at the outer extremity sub-reniform. the other near the middle straight, both ob- scure brown centrally, black at the edges, and separated by a space that is white irrorated with lirown. Secondaries have the costal margin fuscous ; upon the extra-discal area a series of six Ijlack ocelli, arranged as in Celtis and Clyton, the second from costa largest and back of the line, the sixth minute, the others nearly equal and rather more than half the size of the second ; each surrounded by a shade slightly paler than the ground color of the wing, and several containing small eccentric clusters of blue scales ; on the middle of costal margin a white patch, in line with which five small white spots pass round the extremity of the eel! ; APATURA I. two fiiint fuscous spots in the cell ; fringes white in the emarginations, fuscous at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries chestnut-red at base below the cell ; also within the cell next base, but partly obscured by gray, especially along the sub-costal uervure ; the remainder of the wing pearl-gray, showing a brown sul)-c()lor on the disk and in the middle of each interspace on the apical area, and at inner angle, the gray becoming suffiised with pale blue as it approaches the hind mar- gin ; this margin narrowly edged with yellow-brown ; the sub-marginal lines repeated, distinct, blackish-brown ; the white spots repeated, enlarged, and in addition, a white patch in the line with the outer series, on the costal margin ; the lower spot of this row, on the discoidal interspace, nearly covers a small ocellus, a narrow black ring only being discernible on the anterior side ; but the yellow iris is nearly complete ; the other three ocelli reappear, eidarged, each with its cluster of blue scales and a well-defined yellow iris ; the cellular spots as on upper side, the intervening space being clear white. Secondaries pearl-gray, tinted with blue near hind margin ; the gray shade least dense on the disk next before the cell, allowing a brown sub-color to ap- pear ; the inner margin also bordered by a brown line ; the white discal patch and spots repeated, and the line of spots extended across the wing to inner margin, following the course of a dark wavy line ; the spots in the cell distinct, being two transverse bars, each prolonged into the next upper interspace ; the ocelli repeated, each containing a large I^lue patch and edged by a narrow yellow ring, which itself is edged indistinctly by fuscous ; an additional ocellus is found on the inner margin, small, oval, and also with a blue spot. Body above yellow-brown, beneath gray on thorax, yellowish on abdomen ; legs ochraceous, the tibii\3 gray ; palpi clear white, brown above and at tip ; antenniB uniform ferruginous throughout, very imperfectly annulated with white next the base ; club fuscous at base, yellow at tip. Lakva unknown. The figures given represent one of three males, taken by Mr. Henshaw, of Lieutenant Wheeler's expedition, at Camp Lowell, and in Sonoto Valley, Arizona, August, 1874. Nothing is reported of the habits of the butterfly, or of the larva and its food- plant. But as Celtis reticulata, Torrey, is mentioned in the Botan- ical Report upon the ])lants of Arizona, Washington, 1874, it may be presumed that the larvae of Letlla feed upon its leaves. In the shape of the wings, this species is nearer Cli/toii than Celtis, the hind margins of primaries being more excavated, and of secondaries more sinuous, and the anal angle more produced than in Cdtls. The three examples agree in shape, color, and markings. APATURA I. Leilia differs from the other mem])ers of its group, in that the black marks in the cell of primaries, which in Celtis and Alicia are three in number, two of them being in the middle of the cell, on the sub-costal and median nervures respectively, and placed obliqueh- to the nervures and parallel to each other, are here reduced to two, owing to the centi-al marks being united in one straight bar, perpendicular to the nervures. These Ijars are also separated by a white space, which is not the case in the allied species. A similar arrangement of the bars is seen in Clylon, except that in this the inner bar is usually sinuous in- stead of .straight, cau.sed by the joining of the two oblique marks at their ex- tremities. There are three ocelli on primaries of Leilia, as .sometimes happens with Cdtis, but in the former they contain eccentric patches of blue scales, as do also several of the ocelli on .secondaries, a peculiarity observed in neither Celtis nor Alicia. On the under side the two lower ocelli on primaries contain similar blue patches, and the uppermost one a patch which is partly blue, partly white. The spots on the disk on upper side are white and distinct. The color of this side is nearly that of Alicia, of the under side diflerent from either that or Celtis, the basal part of primaries being castaneous, instead of light gray- brown, and the remainder of both wings chiefly of a pearl-gray, suffused toward the hind margins with pale blue. In CcUis the prevailing hue is gray-brown, .sometimes wholly pink-tinted, and of Alicia gray-white, tinted with purple. The antenna} also are ferruginous above and below, with the slightest indications of annulation near the base ; these organs in CcUitt are fuscous above, yellow beneath, and the fuscous portion is distinctly aniudated with white from ba.se to club. I regret having to figure this species without being able to give both sexes, as I aim to do in every case, but the difficulty of ol^taining the butterflies of Arizona is so extreme that years might elapse before I should receive another example. AFA^UJIKAo 1^ * ^k^' fi' n Drawn by Mary Peai't i4/ \1 L. Bowen. Col GLYTON Vai'. OCELLATA , 1.2 6,3 4 9 . Var. PROSERPINA, 5 6, 6 ? jz, Ciiister of Eggx. c„ i. Larva, the early stnt/cs miii/ni/ieil I k Cknjsab's . A . 9 . APATURA II. APATURA CLYTON, 1-6. AjHihirn Cli/loii, Boisduval, Bois. ancl Lee, p. 208, pi. 5G, 1833. Her.-<«. Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., IIL p. 198, 1873. Ibirl. 6tli Agi-ic. Hep. Mo., p. 140, 1874. Var. OCELLATA. Male. — Expands 2.1 inches. Upper side of primaries next base ferruginous, the remainder blackish-brown, the nervules sometimes faintly marked by ferruginous ; secondaries blackish- brown, clothed at base and alono- the abdominal maroinAvith lonsr (jreenish-browii hairs ; both wings have a black line, forming the inner part of the marginal bor- der, preceded by a series of small, pale ferruginous spots, wanting next the apex of primaries ; on secondaries these spots are lunular and often concolored, but the anterior side of each is edged with fuscous or brown, and together forms a distinct crenated "line which crosses the entire wing ; on the disk of primaries a transverse sinuous row of seven rounded yellow or yellow-ferruginous spots, the sixth and seventh being in the sub-median interspace ; beyond these a second row of five spots of same color as the others, occupying the median, discoidal and two lower subcostal interspaces, four of them arranged in a curve parallel to the incised edge of the wing, and the fifth, on costal margin, forming a right angle with the two next succeeding; in the cell two black, transvei-se, sinuous bars sometimes joined on the sub-costal nervure. Secondaries have an extra-dis- cal series of six large, rounded black spots, disposed as in Celds, each spot sur- rounded by a narrow fulvous ring, which is sometimes expanded on the basal side into a large fulvous patch, especially in the sub-costal interspaces ; on the middle of the costal margin a pale, sordid-fulvous patch ; fringes of both wings white in the emarginations, fuscous at the ends of the nervules. Under side of primaries brown in several shades, grayish in the cell, with a yellow tint over the outer half of same, and grayish over the basal part of the sub-costal interspaces ; somewhat red-tinted below the cell and in the median APATURA II. interspaces ; and clear brown with a faint purple tint along the hind margin ; the discal spots repeated, luteous ; the cellular bars repeated ; next bej-ond the cell, a transverse, sinuous black stripe ; the sub-marginal line distinct and pre- ceded b}^ a complete series of l)lackish spots, which are lanceolate towards aj^ex, elsewhere lunular. Secondaries either light or dark In-own next base, this area limited on the disk by a dark wavy line which begins on the middle of the costa and ends on the inner margin, at one-third the distance from base, after curving far down towards the angle, on the sub-median nervure ; beyond this line there is a narrow space across the entire wing of gray-white with a pink tint, followed by a brown cloud on which are the ocelli ; the margin as on primaries, purplish-brown ; besides the sub-marginal line is a second composed of nearly confluent narrow lunules ; in the cell a transverse fuscous spot, and another at the extremity ; the ocelli seven in number, and the one next inner angle duplex; each ocellus black, pupilled with an abbreviated stripe of bright blue, and surrounded by a fine ferruginous ring. Individuals vary much in the shades of under side, and when these are light the purple tint is less perceptible. Body above greenish-brown, beneath pale vinous-brown; legs ochraceous, the front (or aborted) pair, yellow-white ; palpi yellow-white, fuscous above and at tip ; antennae fuscous above, light brown beneath, imperfectly annulated with gray; clulj black, the tip greenish-yellow. Female. — Expands from 2.5 to 3 inches. Upper side bright ferruginous nearly to the hind margin ; in some cases the fuscous portion is confined to the middle of the interspaces hear the apex, in others the interspaces on the disk are also fuscous ; the spots more diftused and more yellowish than in the male ; secondaries essentially as in the male. On the luider side the colors are lighter than in the male, and often the markings on outer half of the wing are much obscured. Var. PROSERPINA, Soiulder, Trans. Acad. Nat. Sei. Chicago, I., p. 3.32, 1869. This form differs from OceUata in that secondaries are black throughout, the ocellar spots either wanting or scarcely perceptible ; in some cases the sub-mar- ginal ferruginous spots are faintly indicated ; on the under side the difference is less marked, the ocelli reappearing. The female differs from OceUata in same way, but on the under side there is a greater ol:)scurity of color, the whole of sec- ondaries and tlie apical area of primaries being of an uniform shade of brown, or fuscous, or fuscous with a purple tint; none of the markings distinct, and the APATURA II. ocelli nearly obsolete, the rings especially being absent, and the ])lue pupils in a greater or less degree ; and these last are often changed to a didl whitish-green. Yak. flora. I am uncertain as to the position of this form, whether it is to be considered as a variety of CJi/fon, or as a good species. After the Plate of C/yton was drawn. I observed in the collection of Mr. William Stadlmair, of Brooklyn, several males and a single female, lately (April, 1876) sent him by his son, who had taken tliem at P;datka, Florida, all of which dift'ered from any variety of Clyton hitherto seen by me, whether from Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, or West Virginia. These males were, moreover, alike in shape, color, and peculiarities of marking, except that on the under side there was a difterence in the lightness or darkness of the colors, but just as I have seen in the same brood of Chjton'm West ^'iririnia. In these males both wino-s are more excised than is usual in Clt/loii, and secondaries are more prolonged and more pointed at the anal angle. The upper surface of Ijoth wings is of an uniform bright orange-ferruginous, except the extra-discal area of primaries, which is of a deep shade of ferruginous, blackened in tlie middle of the several interspaces ; primaries are scarcely at all obscured at base, and the two rows of spots are bright orange-ferruginous, of same shade as the general surface, instead of being lighter, or yellowish, as in the usual Cli/fon. Secondaries have the l)ase and inner margin but slightly obscured, and a broad bright field extends from the middle of the wing to the marginal hand. The ocelli lie on this field, and are large. The marginal band of each wing is remarkably jjroad, so that on secondaries it nearly reaches the ocelli ; and except in the two interspaces next outer angle there is a total absence of the sub-marginal crenated line always seen in var. Ocelluta. Furthermore there is an absence of the light patch on costal margin. The peculiar shape of the winti's, the uniform brio-ht shade of ferrutj-inous, extendinu- even to the rows of extra-discal spots, the large ocelli, the In-oad marginal band, and the absence of the crenated line, and of the costal patch, strike the eye at once- On the under side the pattern is as in var. OceUata, but the colors are all intense ; the cell and nearW all the spots of primaries buff", the extra-discal area deep ferruginous ; the basal area of secondaries deep gray-brown, tinted with ferruginous next costa and towards anal angle ; the sinuous discal stripe deep ferruginous, as is ;dso the field on which are the ocelli, and between this stripe and field the space is lilaceous ; the ocelli intense ferruginous, with obsolete rings, and lilaceous pupils. And on both wings the broad marginal band is cut by a conspicuous blue-black stripe from anal angle to the second sub-costal nervule on primaries ; this stripe APATURA II. so expanded next inner angle of primaries as to occupy full half the width of the band. The female is duller colored, but as little obscured as the male. Prinui- ries are crossed by a broad, sinuous, deep black discal band, which in the usual Chjton is brown or ferruginou.^, and the bars in the cell arc black and heavy. A broad, sub-marginal black stripe completely crosses both wings, the nuirgin out- side this stripe l)eing ferruginous concolored with the disk. The crenated line is al)sent from secondaries, even at the outer angle. I give this form, therefore, as a possible variety of Clyton, but vi\y opinion is that it will be found to breed true to itself, and, if so, it is a good species. Mr. Stadlmair found these buttertlies in one locality, resting on the leaves of trees, and evidently just out of chrysalis, and saw numbers of them, as he says in a letter to his father. With them were many A. Alicia, of which he took several, and these I also saw. Egg. — Similar to that of CMh ; nearly spherical, flattened at base ; marked by about eighteen slightly prominent vertical ribs, and by many fine horizontal equi-distant stria) ; color 3'ellowish-green. Duration of this stage eight to nine days. YouxG L.VRVA. — Length, .06 inch; cyHndrical. somewhat tapering posteriorly, slightl}' pubescent; coloi- pale green, translucent; head large, twice the diam- eter of the following segments, hemispherical, bi-lobed, brownish-yellow ; the mandiljlcs and ocelli l)rown. (Figs, c, c^, larva and head magnified.) The first moult takes phice in seven days. Length, .125 inch; body tapering gradually either way from seventh segment ; the second and last nearly equal in diameter, the latter terminating in a short, forked tail ; the whole surface cov- ered with fine whitish tubercles, from each of which springs a white hair ; striped longitudinally and alternately with pale and dark green, the tubercles covering the pale stripes densely ; in all there are six pale stripes, two broad, dorsal, one upper and one lower lateral, both narrow ; of the intermediate dark stripes one is a narrow medio-dorsal, the others lateral ; legs and pro-legs pale green, fringed at ))ase with short white bristles; head large, l>roader than the second segment, rounded, flattened, glossy, pale green, the forehead dusted with lu'own ; the ocelli and mandibles brown ; at the vertices fleshy stag-horn processes, with sJiort, stout prongs ; other prongs below at the sides of the face ; all these, and the surface of the face, somewhat pilose. (Fig. d.) To tlie second moult thirteen days. Length, .2 inch ; the pale stripes now changed to yellow-green ; the surface more roughly and unevenly tuberculated : the dorsal bands, before distinctly separated, now meet, Init there are traces of a green medio-dorsal line ; the second segment px'ojects over the head a narrow sub-triangular shield ; the tails deeply forked ; the horns sliorter, pinkish, punc- tate ; the forehead aud sutures and the mandibles In'own. APATURA II. Not long after this moult, having roachod the length of .25 inch, most of the Iarvii3 change color, the body gradually becoming of a mixed red and gray, with dark o-reen dorsal and lateral lines; tlie head and horns also chanu;e to brown. (Figs. e,e'.) A few ma_y however proceed to their third moidt, after which they will assume a winter coat, but of less decided color than that of the others, the green becoming brownish or vinous. A few days after resuming activity in the spring, the third moult is passed. Length now .4 inch ; the anterior segments have become much the lartjest, the ■shield on second nu)re pointed, the head larger in proportion, the vertices more prominent than at last stage, and tlie horns greatly developed ; the body green, striped longitudinally -with white and yellow ; color of head light green, with two pale vertical stripes in front. (Figs./, f^.) About ten per cent, of the larvi\3 raised by me varied at tliis stage in the markings of the face. One was wholly pale black except for four marks, two at the sides, and two in front above the mandibles ; and the front of the antlers was black. This stafire endured ei<;:ht davs. xVfrer iburtli mouK : length .8 inch. (Fig. _r/, nat. size; rf-g'^ showing Varia- tions in marking of head ; g^, sections of surface on dorsum and side.) The larva? now grew rapidly and in from five to ten daj's had reached maturity, those which lingered, and changed to chrysalis the latest, invariably producing female butter- flies. Mature Larva. — Length L4 in. ^ (Fig. h) to L7 in. ' (Fig. i), greatest thick- ness of the latter, .24 in. ; body sub-cylindrical, someAvhat flattened dorsall}', the sides flattened, sloping, the base broad; thickest at sixth to eighth segments, ta- pering rather evenly either way ; the last segment ending in a forked tail ; the dorsum covered by a broad yellow or buff band, which is edged on either side by white, and is bisected by an indigo-ldue line ; the sides striped with dull green above, and below by two stripes of yellow, another of green being ))etween them ; the under side and legs pale green ; each segment creased five times so as to make four elevated ridges, the posterior two being broader than the others; the whole upper surface covered with minute tubercles, AAhite, translucent. sul)-conic, irregularly placed on the ridges, some in each row l)eing two or three times as large as others ; some of these have at summit single short fleshy appendages, others a w hite hair ; head pyriform, truncated .at top, with an angidar depression, the vertices sub-conic ; on tliese last are stout many-pronged antlers, the prongs fleshy, round, and somewhat curved downward ; on either side of the face a ver- tical row of simple prongs ; color of head pale green, the face marked Ijy four vertical whitish stripes ; the surface both of head and antlers dotted with punc- tures wiiich disclose a darker sub-color ; the entire antler usually yellow- APATURA ir. o-reen, but many examples have the front black, or merely a blaek dot at the base; ocelli and mandibles black. (Figs, /r, /i'\ heads of mature larva?.) Chrysalis. — Closely resembles that of Celtls in shape and color ; the seg- ments of the abdomen are broader dorsally, making the keel one fourth longer, and the thoracic segments are proportionately shorter ; the depression is less angular and the mesonotum is more rounded, while the head case is less pro- duced. Length, ^ .'J inch (Fig. /), ' 1.1 inch (Fig. k) ; compressed laterally ; the outline of the under side irregularly convex, the wing cases being nearly flat ; the abdo- men prominent dorsally, circular, sharply carinated, the anterior edge of each segment on the keel produced and marked on either side by a shining black dot: the thoracic segments depressed from the end of the keel, the sides excavated to- wards the bases of the wings ; the mesonotum rounded ; the head case moderately produced,^ sub-conic ; the palpi cases sharp and prominent ; color yellow-green, the wing cases and the whole under side pale bluish-green, mottled and inscribed with pale yellow ; the neuration of the wings distinct ; a yellow line pa.sses along the dorsum and forks to the palpi cases ; another borders the posterior edge of the wing cases. Duration of this stage nine and ten daj's. Clyton inhal)its much the same districts as Celtls, feeding in its larval state on the same tree, the Hackljerry, Celtls occldentalls. It is occasional in New York, and no doubt in New England, but the Valley of the Mississippi is its true home. Some years ago I took a single specimen, fresh from chrysalis, in a thicket near Newburgh, N. Y., and that is the only instance in which I have seen this butter- fly on the wing, not having met with it even in West Virginia. I was much surprised therefore at finding in my garden, at Coalburgh, 4th Jul}^ 1874, on a low Hackberry, a large cluster of freshly deposited eggs of Chjton. They formed a, rounded mass one quarter inch across, were closely packed and five or six layers deep ; in all al)out two hundred eggs. (Fig. a.) Within the next-two days I found two similar but smaller clusters; in all these cases upon the under side of the leaf On 12th of July the larviv began to hatch, and in course of a few hours had left the shells and gathered in a dense group near hy. They are in- tensely gregarious in habit, and up to the time they separate, that is, till after the third moult, they lie close together, completely concealing the leaf beneath, and it is one of their peculiarities, even to maturity, that they do not often lie straight, but take a sinuous position, and Avhen in cluster as one curves so do those adjoining. Moreover they do not rest with heads all turned in the same direction and bodies in line or parallel, as is the habit of many species of grega- rious larva?, but th-ey form an irregular mass, the heads mostly outside and front- ing in every direction. This feature is correctly represented in the cluster of APATURA II. larva^ on the Plate. Init the group in nature Avould l)e compact as I have before stated. I found that they fod principally at night, the leaf in the morning hav- ing been eaten at one sjiot as if all had fed at the same time. When finally there remained nothing Imt the patch on -which they rested, they were forced to shift to a fresh leaf. From the earliest stage, the surface of the leaf about and beneath these larvre was kept thoroughly clean, but just outside the grouj) was a mass of excrement in a pretty regular ridge and as if it had been voided at that place. It was some days before I discovered the explanation of this, by happen- ing to come upon the larvas one morning when they were engaged in a general cleansing. The colony was comparatively active, many of its members moving about, some crawling over the backs of the rest. When a bit of frass was encoun- tered by one of these last, who seemed especially deputed to act as scavengers, it was seized by the mandibles, and if very small, the head and thoracic segments were jerked back, and by a snap the frass was thrown some distance, at least two lengths of the caterpillar. If this happened near the edge of the colony the frass probably went over; if not, and it fell short, either one of the larvae on which it struck seized it, or it was met bv one of the scavenQ-ers, and was ati-ain snapped ofl'. until by repeating the process as often as was necessary, the obnox- ious thing was gotten rid of When a considerable mass was encountered, it was broken by jaws and feet, or two or three of the larvae tugged at it till it was brought near the edge and toppled over. In some cases, as one of the larvae voided its frass, it turned and seized it. snapping it away. Presently the colony was cleansed and all its niemljers resumed their usual attitude of rest. This sanitary work could only have been necessary when the larvw were in confine- ment, as in natiu'e they would have rested on the under side of the leaf. Before the first moult took place the larva remaineil immovaljle for about two days ; the skin on the second segment became swollen and nearly covered the head. When the change occurred, this burst, disclosing the new head and ant- lers, and the skin was speedily shullled oft' and devoured. This process of moult- ing was l)y no means simultaneous throughout the colony, but Avas going on for two or three days before all were changed. And the same may be said of each successive moult. Soon after the second moult, which occurred 1st August and days tbllowing, roost of the larva} began to change color, first .to pink, then to brown. In other cases the change was very gradual, and the winter coat was not assumed before 1st September. All these at last rested on a common bed of silk web which cov- ered the surface of the leaf, each with head bent under so that the fiice was in same plane with the lower side of the body, the back arched, and the last seg- ments appressed. But three of the larva> behaved difterently, and after having APATURA II. ceased to feed ami partly clianged color, again began to eat, though tlie leaves ill their glass were thoroughly dry, and some time towards the last of September, passed the third moult. Not anticipating this I discovered the change accident- ally, and was surprised at finding them active, and of a Ijrilliant green color. I have since learned from Mr. Riley's paper, before cited, that he had watched larv* of Chjton when this third autumnal moult was taking place, though his experience agrees with mine that such instances are exceptional. These larvre ao-ain chauii-ed color, but to nothing like the degree of the othui-s. l)ecoming greenish-brown or vinous-brown, and no shrinkage of the body was perceptible. And at intervals through the winter, a few moments in a warm room would arouse them. Unfortunately two of these died before spring, and tlie third was accidentally killed. On 9th May following, the shoots of the Hackberry beginning to put forth, I brought the larva? from the cellar. Several were living and awaked soon after exposure. Some began at once to move and eat, and of these part turned green within the next twenty-four hours. Others i-enuxined quiet, and changed gradually to pale vinous and then to green, taking three or four days to make the comnlete chantjce. But others still occupied several davs more. On the loth those which had soonest Ijecome active showed the second seg- ment swollen, and that day and the next they passed the third moult, while the most tardy d^d not reach that stage till the first had begun to i)ass the fourth or last moult, which took place on 23d and 24th. By 30th May these were in chrys- alis, and the butterflies appeared on the 10th June and days following. Mean- time some of the larva3 continued to grow and reached a size which seemed enormous for this species. And it turned out that all these large larvoe produced female butterflies, and no female appeared until nearly all the males had emerged. I have not noticed this peculiarity, nor have I been able to distin- guish the sexes by the size of the caterpillar, in any species l)ut the present one. After the fourth moult, each larva makes for itself a web on the sm-face of the leaf, and draws the sides together until a sort of case is formed, within which it lives. From tliis it emerges to feed at night, as was evident by leaves at a dis- tance being constantly fed upon during the night. This is the habit in captivity, and is probably but a modification of its habit when free. Mr. liiley states that these larv^ scatter after the third moult, and thereafter hide within leaves drawn around them. When preparing for the change to chrysalis, the body of the larva becomes contracted, broadened and rounded in the middle, the head is bent under and the last segment pressed to the leaf; the color of the skin changes to a nearly miiform green, and the shape of the chrysalis gradually becomes ajipareut. Tiu' APATURA II. final change is effected in the same manner as in Celils, and the chrysalis is also supendod by a pad of hooklets. Cli/toH is dimorphic in Ijotli sexes, bnt not seasonally-dimorphic, as miglit be the case were there two broods annually. Of twenty-one butterflies raised by me from the egg, eight were the form (JceUata, namely: 4^, 4^ ; of Proserpina thirteen, 8^, o*. In the fall of 187->. I received a few larv;v of Chjton from Mr. Riley, in leth- argic state. These l)egan to move 2d May, 1874, but every stage was pro- longed, and the first chrysalis was not formed till 7th July, thirtv'-eight days after the corresponding change occurred with the larva? found at Coalburgh. As all the attendant circumstances were apparently identical in the two cases, I can give no explanation of this singular phenomenon. The duration of the chrysalis stage was same in botli cases, about ten day.s. The contrast between tlie two species Celtis and Clyton is striking as relates to their preparatory- stages. The eggs and chrysalids are nearly identical in form, and the caterpillars have a general resemblance. But the eggs of Chiton are laid in clusters of hundreds, those of Celtis either singly or in" lots of from five to twenty. The larvaj of Celtis are gregarious, but are satisfied with nearness with- out contact ; those of Chjton require actual contact and asseralsle in groups to which all scattered ones are attracted. I have frequently separated a group, but in a few hours all its members were together again. Celtis completes its history in one summer brood, though part of tins may hybei'nate, and it has a second, which always hybernates. Clyton, in West Virginia at least, has no 'second brood, but all the larva? hybernate. Of the habits of the butterfly I am unal)le to speak from niv own knowledue, but I am informed by correspondents that it behaves much like Celtis. The larviB of the two frequent the same tree, and Mr. Charles Dury, of Avondale, Ohio, tells me that he has taken as many as sixty larva* of the two species at same time from a small Ilackberry. He writes " I have often taken Ch/ton, .sometimes on trees from which there was an exudation of sap, and sometimes on rotten apples. But in most cases it is to be seen in the woods. Its movements are less lively than those of Celtis." As is the case with Celtis, the larva> of Clyton feed upon the thickest leaves. When winter approaches, they probabW, to some extent, seek shelter on, the rough, corky bark of the Hackberry, though many no doubt fall with the leaves and perish. I know of no other food plant for this species than the Celtis occidentalis. Dr. Boisduval gives Prunus as one of them, but I have been unable to verify the statement, even when the lai'vre have been made to fast for hours. APATURA II. Just as Celtls has been supposed to have been covered hy the description of Lycaon, Fab., so Hcrse Fab. has witliin the last two or three years been appor- tioned to Chjton, altogether wrongly. The description of Herse, Fab. Ent. Syst., III., p. 229, No. 718, is as follows : — P. S. alls dentatis fusco ferrugineis : anticis albo punctatis, posticis utrinque ocellis septem coecis. Papilio Herse, Jon. fig. pict. 4, tab. 7, fig. 2. Habitat — Dom. Drury. Corpus fusco ferrugineuni. Ala3 anticas obscure ferruginea?, pone medium fascia e maculis sex punctisque quatuor apicis albis, subtus pallidiores. PosticiB fusco ferruginea? ocellis septem nigris iride ferruginea : secundo tertioque pupilla ferruginea, reliquis coecis. Sul)tus pallidiores ocellis septem coeruleis iride flava ; annulo nigro. Wings dentated, marked with fuscous and ferruginous ; the fore 'ivliigs spotted with white, the hind wings also with seven black ocelli P. Herse, Jones' Icones. Hahitat unhiown. Collection of M. Drury. Body fusco-ferrugineous ; fore wings ohscure ferruginous, with an extra-median band of six spots and four apical spots, 'white; under side paler. Hind wingn fusco-ferruginous ; vnth seven black ocelli with ferruginous irides, the second and third pupilled with ferruginous, the rest blind; under side paler with seven blue ocelli, with yellow irides, in black rings. This description cannot apply to Clyton, in which the fore wrings are not obscure ferruginous, but ferruginous at base and blackish-brown towards hind margin ; they are not spotted with ivhite, but with yellow or yellow-ferruginous ; the median band is composed of^ seven sjjots and the outer sj^ots are five, instead of six and four, as in Herse. The hind wings ai-e blackish-brown in Clyton, not fusco feri'uginous ; there are but six ocelli and all are blind, loith no ferrugi- nous pupils. In Herse there are seven, the second and third jnqyilled loith ferru- ginous. In Herse the under side of both wings is described as paler thnn the upper, with no variety of color or shade on the several areas ; that is, the fore wings must be ferruginous, or less obscurely ferruginous, and the hind wings a pale fusco-ferruginous. In Clyton the under sides are brown, gray, purplish with the least possible fuscous on primaries only, and in vars. Ocellata and Proserpina there is no ferruginous at all on either wing. In the form which I call Flora there is ferruginous, but it is intense, and the whole surface is richly diversified in color. In Herse are seven blue ocelli in black rings, with yelloio irides ; in Clyton though the pupils are blue the irides are ferrtiginous. There is tlierelbre no agreement between the description of Herse and the insect Clyton except in the most general way. AI'ATURA II. This (k'scription o( Iler.-ie is also supposed to have Ijeeu drawn from Jones' fiy'ures, though, as is the case o£ Lycaon, the insect is referred to as in Drury's collection, and undoubtedly was known to Fabricius, the chief lepidopterist of his day. I do not know on what authority such supposition is based, and there are certain discrepancies, to be hereafter spoken of !)etween Jones" figures and the description, which would seem to preclude the idea of the latter having been drawn up from the figures. By the kindness of Prof J. 0. Westwood, I have in my possession a colored copy made by him of both Jones' figures of Herse, representing the two sides of the female. Also a pencil tracing of the upper side, and this I reproduce in order to show more clearly the differ- ences between the two species. But if it were practic;able to give the colored figures, there would be no doubt in the minds of my readers that they relate to quite anotlicr insect from Chiton, in the figure of tlie upper side, the color of the l);isa] half of primaries and of the whole of secondaries is of an uniform shade of ferruginous, and the hind margin of primaries is also broadly bordered by ferruginous, a shade darker. Between thes(> two areas, on primaries is a nebulous, extra-di.scal fuscous band extending (juite across the wing ; in Chiton vars. Ocellata and Proserpina, while thi' base of primaries is ferruginous, the hind margin and disk, as well as the whole of secondaries, is blackish-brown or fuscous. In the figure is u nwdian hand of six lon(/, oc(d, equal sjjois, there beiny but one in the sid)-median interspace, arranged in a simple ciirre, concx out- wardly ; and five of these spots only are fulvous, the sixth on the costal margin, being pure white. Beyond are four ivhite sjjots. two of them sub-apical, and two are in the median inlersj>aces, these last eery close to the band and parallel with it. In the discoidcd interspace is no spot. In the insect this is totally difterent. The hand is composed of seven spots, cdl of them rounded, arranr/ed in. a double curve like the letter S, and these spots are (dl yellow, or ijellow with, a tint of red. as are the outer .'ij^ots (vars. Ocellata and Proserpina), or all are ferruf/inons (var. Flora.) Of the outer spots there are five, two beimj suh-apical, the other t/iree, occupying the discoidal and two median, interspaces, plcieed at som.e distance from the hand and nearly parallel with the hind margin. That is, their (jeneral course is exactly opp)Osite that of tlie l>and in Herse. In the cell on the drawing- is a concolored spot with a black outline, and this is s/uiped like a figure 8, made of two op)posite double curves. In the insect, instead of this spot are two nearly 2)arallel sinuous ha7's. On the hind wings in the drawing are six spots, five of which are distinctly ocellated, having both p)upils and irides, the spot next inner angle onlv being without pupil. I/t Clgton all the sjwts are without pupils. On the under side, the base of the hind wing, and all that part of primaries which lies back of the cell and the second median nervule, is pale ferruginous ; the cell APATURA II. and reinainder of primaries and the outer liinl) of secondaries, except a broad space along the hind margin, is pale fuscous, and between this fuscous area and the ferruginous of the base, on secondaries, is a whity-brown discal zone. All this is quite unlike the insect, as a glance at our Plate ■will show. If Fabricius' description was taken from Jones' figures, why should all the .spots on the forewings be called white, or why should the ocelli be described as blind, with the exception of tlie second and third ! Or why should the descrip- tion call for seven ocelli when the fio'ure shows but six ! Now it happens that one of the groups into which the American species of this genus divide themselves is charactei'ized by just such a simple curved discal baud on primaries as appears in Jones' figures, made up of six oval spots, and outside these are four white sj^ots, two of which are sub-apical, and two placed parallel to the band, just as in these figures also. Of this style of ornamentation are certain Central American species, and also the one called Ich/ja, Hubner, fig- ured in the Samml. Exot. Schmett., a West Indian species ; and that the resem- blance to Herse may appear, I subjoin a cut of it also, copied for me by Mr. Scudder from Hiibner's figui-e. It must be allowed to apju'oach Herse remark- ably- Horse 9. Idyja 9. With the figures of Herse, Professor Westwood also sent me colored figures of Lycaon, and they represent quite another insect than Celtis. On the upper side, priniaries are fuscous exce^it the cell, and the larger part of this from the base outward is yellow. There is a yelloio suljmarglnal str'q)e, and the discal hand is composed of fidvous spots The secondaries are fuscous over the basal area, and beyond to the hind margin the color is fidvous, as decided as in Argynnis Cybele. Upon the disk are fve elongated, equal, white sjmts, arranged in a regtdar curve, and on the basal side of these is a coiispicuous yelloio strip)e which reaches half aci'oss the wing. On the under side, tJie basal third ofjirima- ries and the v)hole of the hind wing is yellow, the rest of primaries being fuscous, Al'ATURA II. except the hhid mctryni, irliU-h is i/e/loir. In the sub-median interspace of second- aries are three hrotcn s/ripc--^ radtafi/tf/ from a common point near the Ijdse, and )iearer the disk are three brown sjxtts or pulches. All which is in contrast to Celf'is. In Fahricins' description of Li/cdon tlie apex of the hind wings is called rufous (apice rufls). and the outer spots on the {brewing are placed on the " apex." By modern authors the ajiex of the wing is the upper outer angle, and not being aware of the Fabrician designation when I wrote my notes u|)on Celiis, I was much puzzled at the statement that the apex of the hind wing was I'ufous. I have since learned from Mr. A. G. Butler, that Fabricius divided the wing into three sections, basal, discal. and apical, the latter division comprising about one third of the surlace, namelv. the wliok' extra-discal and maru'inal area. And so explained the description agrees with Jones' Hgure, the area spoken of beino- rufous or fulvous. In the text of Celtls, 1 stated that the species had l)een taken in the Valley of the Connecticut River, erroneously (| noting from a letter of Professor Parker. On the contrary it is not known tha* f'eJtif< lias l)een taken within the limits of New England. Nevertheless it prol)ably dwells there, or at le;ist comes as an occasional visitor. By some late authors these American species of Apatura have been separated from the European, and placed in the genus Doxocopa, which is attributed to Iliibner. In the Verz. bek. Schmett., Hiibner has a coitus Doxocopa, thus de- lined, " The wings changeable blue on a dusky ground, marked with single ocellar spots," and under it the European species [r'ii< and IlUi stand, as is proper, being blue. But to place brown or red Inittertlies in Doxocopa, which expres.sly calls for blue, is to do violence to Iliibnei-'s arrangement, and is not to be thought of For myself I do not regard the coitus as genera and ailmit no generic names whatever based upon them. IM H. L Bowttn. Col WHEELERI, 1 2 6, 3 4 ?. SATYRUS I. SATYRUS WHEELERI, 1—4. Satyrus IVhederi, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, IV., p. 343. Mead, Zool. Report Wheeler E.xpedition, v., p. 773, pi. 39. Male. — Expands 2.1 to 2.3 inches. Upper side light brown, clouded with dark brown, especially on the disks of each wing ; the hind margins edged by two parallel lines, preceded by a com- mon dark stripe, which on secondaries is somewhat macular ; primaries have a light colored extra-discal area, on which are two large black ocelli, the upper one sub-pyriform, and as if two spots of unequal size had been compressed into one, and incloses two white pupils ; the lower ocellus is larger, i-ounded, with white pupils ; both ocelli inclosed in narrow yellow rings. Secondaries have one ocellus, of medium size, in the lower median interspace. Under side light yellow-brown, covered with rather coarse, abbreviated, brown streaks, which are most dense from base to middle of disk on primaries, but pretty equally distributed over the whole of secondaries; both wings cro.ssed by an irregular brown stj-ipe, which stops at the sub-median nervure of secondaries and connects on that nervure with a similar stripe, nearly straight, which crosses the wing about half way between the first stripe and base ; in some examples this basal stripe is continued faintly across primaries ; the marginal lines and sub- marginal stripe repeated ; the ocelli of primaries also repeated, Init with much broader rings ; secondaries have six ocelli, each with white pupil and in yellow ring ; three of these are in the sub-costal and discoidal interspaces, the two outer ones small and rounded, the middle one long oval, or double-convex, and three on the posterior interspaces, all of them rounded, and the middle one largest. Body yellow-brown ; legs same ; palpi darker brown ; antenna? brown with fine whitish annulations; club ferruginous. Female. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.7 inches. Upper side sometimes similar in color to the male, often lighter ; the dark basal area, in the light examples, more sharply defined on middle of the disk ; SATYRUS I. the ocelli similar to male ; there are also usually two black points, one on either side of the ocellus on secondaries, and in some examples the anterior one is en- lai'ged to an ocellus with white pupil. The markings of the under side as in the male. Several examples of both sexes of this fine species were taken, in 1871, by the naturalists connected with the Wheeler Expedition in Southern California ; and later by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, at Apache, Arizona. The figures given in the Zool. Rep. Wheeler Expedition were copied by permission from my Plate. ^:^..^...2M^. m. Drawn by Mary Fearr Al,r»l-'E , 1 2 V.-ir^ MARITIMA S 4- 9 ; var. 5 9 , '. Viir, TEX ANA, 7 o'. '/ /:i/'/ iiKiijiufifd . h r I .iirvil I vuiuii'/ 1 il ■■ hist it/siillii' .Stili)f I' ^ h . ■ If! moult 'o ninhiri' . I k rhrysahrls / 9 . L Bowen. Col SATYEUS IL,II1. SATYRUS ALOPE. Sdli/nis Alo/te (Al'o-pc), F:iliricius. ALOPE, Fab.. Ellt. Syst.. III., y. -Jl'!), 179:1. Harris, Ins. Mass., .'id ed., p. :Wr,, 1862. Var. Tkxa.na, Kdw., Can. Kiit., XII., j). 21, ISSO. Viir. Mauitim.^, EiIw., 1. c, ]). 23, isso. NEl'HEr.E (Xeph'e-le), Kirby, Fauna lior. Aiiier., p. 2ii;i, 1.S37. Harris, 1. c, p. .'iO, IS«2. Var. Ol.YMi'US, Edw., 1. c, p. 31, ISSO. Var. Boons, litdir, Proc. C'al. Auad. X. S,-\., IH., p. 1G4, 1804. Form ALOPE. Male. — Expands 2.25 inches. Upper .side l)lackisli-brown, darkest over basal areas ; hind margins bordered by two fine parallel lines, a little within which is a black stripe ; primaries have a transverse yellow band beyond the disk, sometimes a little ochraceous, and often more or less encroached on by the brown ground ; on this are two ocelli, round, black, of variable size, ami with or without central point, which is white with blue scales ; behind cell a blackish indistinct sexual dash. Secondaries have a small ocellus on second median interspace, in yellow ring (often wanting), and with or without white points ; fringes coneolored. Under side yellow-brown; the band enlarged and of paler color; the ocelli repeated, enlarged ; the marginal lines distinct ; the brown area covered with abbreviated darker streaks, which over base and disks form somewhat concentric broken rings, limited without by a common dark stripe ; on primaries this stripe borders on the yellow band ; on secondaries it is irregularly sinuous from margin to margin, throwing out a rounded prominence against cell, followed by a I'ounded sinus on median interspace ; across middle of cell and Ijelow it a dark stripe ; the extra-discal area less streaked ; the ocelli vary from nil to six, the fvdl number being most often present, disposed in two groups of three, the middle one of each group largest ; all black, rounded, in narrow yellow rings, and with white dots edged by blue scales. SATYRUS I]., III. Body ooiicolorod ; legs and palpi dark brown ; antenna> l)ro\vn, finely annu- lated with wliite ; club ferruginous. (II., Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands 2.25 to 2.5 inches. U[)per side color of male ; tiie band broader, clearer, and in most cases well defined on both edges ; sometimes, however, hazy on one or Ijoth ; the ocelli large, variable in size, sometimes equal, sometimes the upper one larger, but most often the reverse ; the white point surrounded by blue scales ; the ocellus on secondaries .souu'times large in yellow or ochraceous ring, with white dot, some- times blind, and often wanting altogether; occasionally there are one or two additional black points, corresponding with the ocelli of lower side, though some- times they are present when the ocelli are wanting. Under side as in the male, yellow-brown, sometimes with a gray tint ; usually the apex of primaries is grayish; the ocelli have clusters of blue scales; on secondaries they vary in number .as in the male, from nil to six, but a larger per cent, than in the male have none. (II., Figs. 3, 4.) Var. Texaxa. Of large size, the males expanding 2.25, the females nearly 3 inches; brown color, the band yellow to ochraceous ; all examples observed have a complete ocellus on upper side of secondaries. Un/e was described by Kirby as follows: "Wings brown; primaries, both above and below, with a paler sub-marginal broad band, including two eyelets, the upper ones surrounded by a paler atmosphere, with a black iris and white pupil ; on the under side the atmosphere is most distinct and forms a kind of glory round the eyelets." etc. Apparently this is a description of a female. Tlie winss of the male are lilackish-brown. the ocelli are small, usually without rin<'-s, and often without pupils. (III.. Figs. 1. 2 . 4 ?. Canadian examples). There is a certain belt of latitude which includes most of the State of New York and southern New England, in which Ijoth Alope and Ncplieh are found, together with every possible intergrade. Towards the southern border of this Ijelt. or in tlu' lowlands, as along the valley of tlie Hudson River. Alope pure type prevails; in the Cat.skill Mountains, and to the northern border, pure JVejjhele is found, but with Ncphele. in all its localities within the belt, are intergrades. In the Catskills. I have taken Alope as conspicuously banded as any in Virginia, but such examples are rare, forming, perhaps, two or three per cent, of the Hight. These intergrades are distinguishable by the atmosphere about the ocelli. What Kirby calls the '• pale " atmosphere appears in the males also, and in both sexes gradual!}- widens and becomes less obscure till it culminates in a clear yellow band, that is, in Alopie. (III., Figs. 7-13.) Of 7 :es. The caterpillars of these several broods could not be distinguished from each other up to the third moult. After that, they were in general alike, but the Illi- nois examples showed a distinct yellow stripe on the upper part of the side, and on either edge of the green medio-dorsal stripe was a yellow line. The Catskill Nephele showed faint traces of the yellow stripe, but the Alope, at this stage, none at all. After fourth moult, the same peculiarities appeared, there being a distinct yel- low stripe on the Nephele- 01 i/mpns. As the stage progressed, some of the Alope^ as well as some Catskill Ncpheh', developed an indistinct stripe, others not. From third moult to maturity, the Alope from all localities, and the Catskill Nephele, SATYRUS II., III. varied .somewhat in the shade of green, being more or les.s yellow, in .some, j'el- low prevailing on dorsum, green on the sides. They varied also in the clothing ol" the surface, some being covered witli sliort (h)\vn, others witli rather long and appressed hairs. There was no constant character l)y which Mcjjhelc could be distinguished irom AIo2)e, but the Ncplidc-Ohimpus differed perceptibly from the others. They were long and slender, and deep yellow-green with distinct side stripe. The chrysalids of AJcrpe and Catskill Nephele were alike in color, yellow-green. The female chrysalids were clouded with darker green, and the edges of head and wing cases were cream color. The Olipnpns chrysalids were blue-green, lighter or darker, and the edgings were white. They also could be readily dis- tinguished. One chrysalis of Albany Alope gave a male butterfly without band, but with a narrow yellow niud)iis about the ocelli, — an intergrade. One chrysalis of Cats- kill jVtpJiL'h' gave a typical female Alope, with broad yellow band, but the wings were darker than in southern examples. This is figured in Plate II., o, 4. The Coalburgli chrysalids produced typical Alope butterflies, all of them. Two Olym- pus gave males of their own type. In 1877, a female butterfly which emerged from the Catskill chrysalis before spoken of, was an intergrade. Therefore, south of the belt of dimorphism, Alope produced Alope, but inside the belt, Alo'pe produced intergrade, and Nephele produced Alope and also an in- tergrade. And ISfephele-Ohiiiijius, again, outside the belt, produced its kind. That Nephele, north of the belt, breeds true is certain, because the intergrades and Alop>e are not found there. I believe AlojJe to have originated in the southern form Pegala Fab., which is characterized by its large size, its broad rufous band, and single ocellus on fore wing, and by six ocelli in both sexes on under hind wing ; ami I regret that I am not able to properly figure this form in connection with Alope. I cannot do so, because I know nothing of the i)reparatory stages, though by the kindness of the late Dr. (). C. Sparrow and of Mr. W. H. Ashmead, of Jacksonville, Florida, repeated attempts to obtain the eggs have been made, but all without success. So far the females have refused to lay when confined with grass. Perhaps before this Volume closes I may yet succeed. Pegala is restricted to the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico and a strip along the Atlantic coast, at least as far to the north as Charleston, South Carolina ; but does not appear at Indian River, Florida, nor, as far as observed by Mr. Mead and others, in the interior of that State. It seems to be mainly a coast species. I cannot learn that Pegala and Alop)e fly in the same localities or even in the same districts. There appears to be a lielt in the cotton States, or from Georgia to Mississippi at least, in which Alope is 7 SATYRUS II., III. unknown, and below the northern border of wliicli it docs not pass. And Pcgala is confined to the district south of tliis belt, though probably it may enter it here and there. The time may have been when the belt was occupied by both these forms and intergrades, just as now Alojje and JVephcIe occupy the northern belt. If AJope flourished in its larval state on meadow grasses, which are not found in the Cotton States, rather than coarse saw grass or sea- side grass, then its tendency would be toward the country which produced the former, and there would \w a movement toward the north and northwest. At the same time there would be a withdrawing of the parent form from the borders of the original territory, because there the food plant was not in perfec- tion, and so a belt would come to intervene between the parent and the variety. The intergrades which had arisen would follow one form or the other, and tend to revert to the parent or to become merged in the variety. Favorable condi- tions might render one or more of them permanent, as with Alope-Tcxnna, which now seems to possess a territory of its own to the southwest. Certainly the parent form would be more or less modified l)y the absorption of the inte'r- grades, if not permanently, yet so that now and then sports would l)e tiirown out in the direction of Alope. Hence the occasional examples of two-eyed Pegrda. That, on the other hand, the intergrades nearest the strong variety would tend to merge in it also, when cross-breeding had ceased by the disappear- ance of the parent form, we may infer from the fact that when Alope is sup- pressed the tendency of the species is to the pure type JVephele, the intergrades at last totally disappearing. * Alojje enters its dimorphic belt from the south and emerges Nephele on the northern side, while within are all manner of intergrades. If in this belt the con- ditions were to become unsuited to the support of any Satyriis, and the forms which now occupy it were to become extinct, either suddenly or gradually, we should have to the south Alo2)e and to the north Nephele, two good species, with nothing, in the absence of intergrades, to show how one of these forms could have been related to the other. The conditions would be similar to those be- tween Pegala and Alope now. Pegala possesses in perfection many points which are found in one or other of all the members of the sub-group. It is considerably the largest, though occa- sionally an Alofje-Texana fully equals it. Its peculiar brown color on upper side and gray-brown on lower side passes into Ahype, which gradually changes into the darker shade of Nephele. The rufous becomes yellow in Alope, but breaks out in that species in certain localities, as seen in var. Marltiina. After the band has become suppressed in Nephele, every now and then it reappears in greater or less degree, even in Oli/JiipuH and Boopi-^. A single ocellus is now a prominent SATVRUS II., III. churucteristic of Pefjahi, but there has cume to be a certain uiodilieatioii, so that in soiiie cases, in the female, there are two complete ocelli, but in many more of both sexes there are dots and small spots in place of a second ocellns. In Alope and the rest there are two ocelli, not always complete or e(iual, and occasionally one is suppressed. When this happens it is always the lower one, which is want- ing in Pegala. There is a tendency to variation in the number of these ocelli, a second one sometimes api)earing in Peij'dn, hut a third one sometimes in Alope, and in the last named species and the rest of its sub-group, there are not unfre- quently one or two small spots on the fore wings, as of incipient ocelli. The single ocellus invariably seen at anal angle in Peqala is often wanting or incom- plete in the other forms ; and the six ocelli of under hind wing, almost invaria- bly present (but sometimes six on one wing, live on the other — never less, so far as observed), vary from six to nil in all the others. It is to be noticed that the belt within which these Satyrids are dimorphic is nearly coterminous on the north and south with the dimorphic belt of Limenitis Arthemls and its co-form Proserpiiui. Art/tcuiis alone occupies the northern part of the continent, but in a section of territory extending from Maine to Wisconsin, and which covers much of New York and New England, it is dimor- phic with Proserphifi. as shown in this Volume. Prnserphui alone emerges from this belt on the south, and grades imperceptibly into Ursula. And the dimorphism of Papilio Tunms originates in this same licit. So far as known, however, there is no western limit to the dimorphism in these species, and therein they differ from Alope. It is difficult to conjecture what inlluence could liave brought about the suppression of Alope in the whole west, and have re- produced the Canada form, and allowed it to flourish so lu.vuriantly. One camiot conceive what there is of climate or else in common between Canada and the prairies to effect this result. After the iirst of my papers on these Satyrids appeared in the Canadian En- tomologist, I received several letters calling my attention to puljlished lists of butterflies of different western States, in which Alope is set down as present, and usually botli Alope and Nephele. I wrote to the authors of these lists, and in many cases examples of the butterflies called Alope were sent me. In every instance, what had passed by that name was either what I should call Heplielc, or what would be an intergrade if taken in New York. In the west these are not intergrades, because there is no Alope in that region, and so no commingling of the two forms. I limit the name Aloj)e to the typical form. These apparent intergrades are never found where Alope flies alone, before it approaches the dimorphic belt, but they appear occasionally to the westward throughout the Nephele territory, and should be regarded as examples of reversion. CHIONOBAS I. CHIONOBAS IDUNA, 1-4. NEW SPECIES. Primaries in male much produced, costal margin nearly straight; hind margin of primaries in both sexes slightly rounded, of secondaries deeply sinuate ; the exterior outline of discal band on under side of secondaries not scolloped, irregu- lar. Male. — Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side brown-orange, bright on primaries, less inten)5e on secondaries ; hind nuirgins edged by a narrow fuscous border, of nearly uniform width on secondaries, but n.arrow on primaries at inner angle, and much expanded at €apex, the inner side entire ; costal border of primaries dark brown ; upon the disk, from the lower outer angle of cell to sub-median nervure, and encroaching somewhat on the cell next above median, an oblique, dark brown band, the ex- terior side convex, the interior somewhat undefined, nearly lost in the brown shade that covers the basal half of cell ; on the upper discoidal interspace a large, oval, black ocellus, without iris, with small white pupil ; sometimes in the next interspace above is a minute, round, black ocellus, either with or without white pupil, and a similar one, but blind, in the second median interspace ; this last ocellus however, may be large and pupillated, and accompanied by a small blind ocellus in the first median interspace ; the number of ocelli therefore varies from one to four, and when four are present, two are large and pupillated ; and whatever the number, they are so placed that a straight line would pass through the centre of each one ; secondaries have the costal margin slightly flecked with brown ; at outer angle sometimes a small, brown, sub-triangular spot, but often wanting ; on the second median interspace a small ocellus, either with or without white pupil ; often this ocellus is wanting ; fringes of primaries fuscous cut with sordid white at middle of each interspace ; of secondai'ies fus- cous, largely pure white in the interspaces. Under side of primaries paler ; a dusky shade over cell corresponding to the oblique band ; costal edge gray-brown, irrorated with blackish-brown next base, with white beyond ; at apex gray and white equally mingled ; the hind margin CHIONOBAS I. pale o-ray-brown ; cell slightly flecked with brown next sub-costal nervure ; the discoidal ocellus repeated, and also that on second median interspace when present above. Secondaries white on costal margin, the remainder of wing dead-leaf brown upon a white ground, the sub-color appearing most distinctly next beyond cell, along median nervules and over abdominal margin ; the whole surfoce covered by fine, abbreviated, brown streaks, least densely on costal margin, most next base and over sub-median intei'space, and for a broad space along hind margin ; a white point next the margin on the middle of each interspace ; the ocellus, when present above, repeated ; and in a line with this, a series of white points, one on each interspace across the wing to costa — representing, perhaps, obsolete ocelli, which might sometimes be found more or less complete ; the disk crossed from margin to margin by a Ijroad, irregular band, narrowly edged on either side by a blackish-brown border ; the sj^ace within the band not differing in shades of color from that beyond ; the exterior border commences on costa just .above outer angle in a wedge-shaped spot which I'eaches the second discoidal nervule, then continues by a single curve, convex outwardly, to upper branch of median, at which point it curves outward again to the middle of the adjoining- interspace, and continues in a line nearly straight almost to lower branch of me- dian, then obliquely forward till it strikes this branch, from which it proceeds in a straight line to margin ; this outline may be briefly described as composed of a straight line, a single curve, a square oftset, and a straight line to margin, and is quite unlike the scolloped outline of the similar band in the nearest allied species, Gigas ; the outline of the basal side is that of a double curve, at first convex towards base of wing, and most advanced on sub-costal nervure, then returning, the extreme concavity being on median, opposite the beginning of the line on costa. Body blackish-brown above, black beneath, the abdomen gray -brown; legs black, the tibiie gray-brown ; palpi black with gray hairs interspersed ; antennse brown, beneath gray ; club dull ferruginous, gray beneath. Female. — Expands 2.6 inches. Upper side paler than in the male, fixding beyond the disk into buff; the oblique band wanting ; base of cell on primaries, and that portion of cell next sub-costal nervure brown ; primaries have two large ocelli, the upper one pupil- lated, the lower one sometimes blind, and one or both accom])anied by a small blind ocellus on the interspaces next preceding ; secondaries mai'ked as in the male. Under side of both wings paler than in the male ; the outlines of the band similar. The individuals represented on the Plate were sent me by Mr. James Behrens. E'rawr, tyM^rv" L.Ecveu ri IDUNA, 1 2 S 5.4 'i CrlGrAto. 5.6 y CHIONOBAS 1. to whose zeal and skill lepidopterists owe the discovery of several new species of Californian butterflies, and a better acquaintance with many i-are ones. Mr. Behrens wrote, 2Gth June, 1873 : " I caught seven of the large Chionohas in Mendocino County. It seems to be a very local species, and confined to high ridges in the depth of the red-wood forest. They would alight on a hot, sandy spot, or on a fallen tree, or on the fresh leaves of young oak trees, always in the heat of the sun. Fallen trees and dense thicket make the chase for them difficult. They are very vigilant and shy, but will return to a spot they have once visited, though for a short hour of the day only, either earlier or later, according to the state of the atmosphere and wind, and when tired from their usual high, rapid flight. Water and moisture do not seem to attract them. They should be looked for in the month of May, as soon after they become shatterewon, <"o! liv.jwn Vy Mnrv I*''rown, next before apex white ; apex gray-brown, shading into brown on hind margin ; the cell next sub-costal nervure slightly sjjecked with brown. Secondaries whitish, washed with pale brown from base to hind margin, but slightly along costal and iimer margins, where the white shade pre- dominates ; the basal area streaked transversely and densely with brown ; the inner margin and costal edge slightly streaked ; the hind margin edged by a narrow brown border ; remainder of wing nearly free from streaks and of a pretty uniform shade of color ; the disk crossed by a broad band the exterior outline of which is irregularly scolloped ; the interior outline sinuous, at first convex toward base of wing, and most advanced on sub-costal nervure, then CHIONOBAS II. returning, presenting a deep square sinus on median norvure, after which its course is wavj to the sub-median nervure, where it terminates ; the ocellus repeated. Body blackish-brown above, black beneath, the abdomen brown ; legs and palpi black ; antennae brown, gray beneath ; club dull ferruginous, gray beneath. Female. — Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side of a deeper color than the male, alike on both wings, with broader and blacker marginal borders ; costa of primaries brown, gray next apex ; the oblique discal band wanting ; the two principal ocelli larger and pupillated, and in addition to these, a third, blind, on sub-median interspace ; the ocellus on secondaries as in male. Under side more distinctly marked than in male ; apex of primaries ashy-white, the marginal border gray-brown ; the large ocelli repeated, the pupils conspicuous ; the third ocellus represented by a point. Secondaries whitish over larger ])avt of disk, washed with brown beyond the band, the color deepening toward hind margin ; the whole wing streaked and specked with brown ; the outlines of the discal band distinct; the ocellus obsolete, except the white jjupil. From CaUfornia, and described by Dr. Boisduval as found, according to Lor- quin, from whom the four examples in his collection were received, " on high mountains, next the snow line ;" but on what mountains or in what section of the State is not mentioned. Dr. Boisduval presented Mr. Scudder with one of the males and myself with the corresponding female, and from these the draw- ings on the Plate have been made. Mr. Scudder informs me that the four were inspected by himself in Paris, and that they were alike in color and markings. The species differs noticeably from Iduim and G'tgas in color, being darker, and of uniform shade on both wings, and neaidy so in both sexes. In shape of the wings, it most resembles Gigas. On the under side the male is nearly des- titute of markings ; the female is distinctly marked, and shows much more Avhite and less density of brown streaking than Gigas, in this respect approaching Iduna. The exterior outline of the discal band is scalloped, but not so regu- larly as in Gigas. In that species the general course of the outline is parallel to the hind margin ; in Californica the parallelism is broken by the prominent dentations on the two upper median interspaces. The course of the interior outline of the band differs from that of Iduna, which presents a double curve, in that it is in the form of a single prominent curve, followed by a deep sinus and a wavy line beyond to inner margin. Fi'om the interior outline of the band on Gigas it differs in nearly the same degree. Nevadensis, Felder, is only known to me from the description in the " Voyage of the Novara," and the accompanying figures of upper and under side of the male. The shade is CHIONOBAS II. shown to be a uniform tan color ; the primaries are broader than in Call font tea, and less produced apically, the fuscous marginal border is scalloped on its inner edge across the entire wing ; the deep brown shade of the oblique bar on disk passes quite around the cell, and j(jins the equally deep color of costal margin ; on secondaries there is a long fuscous stripe from outer angle to middle of wing. The imder side agrees with Californica in being nearly deprived of markings, but the discal band of secondaries is quite different ; it is narrower by one half at its origin on costal margin, and is more regularly scalloped on its exterior side. It is also scalloped in same way on the basal side, and in this respect it resembles no one of the allied species. The description expressly states that both the basal and exterior outlines of the band are " crenated." As the four species of this group differ so decidedly in respect to this discal band, I have thought it well to indicate more particularly the peculiarities of each, by the following cuts. Iduna. Gifras. Nevadensis. Californica. I have retained the generic name Chionobas, Boisduval, for the species herein figured, in prefei'ence to that of CEneis, Hiibner, which of late has been forced into prominence, for three reasons : first, that Boisduval is the earliest author who defined and limited the genus ; second, that in my opinion CEneis, as ap- plied to the genus so defined and limited, has no authority whatever, it having been not only a mere catalogue name, but a name given to an assemblage or batch of butterflies, embracing some that belong to Chionobas and some that belong to Satyrus ; and thirdly, whether it has authority or not, it certainly cannot be made to embrace one of these species. I regard the so called Hlib- nerian genera of butterflies as mostly worthless, and would reject nearly every one which has not been introduced by a subsequent author in a proper way, that is, under definition and limitation, and then, though the mere name be Hubner's, the authorship of the genus should be attributed to the systematist who so properly uses it ; of course to the wholesale overthrow of Hubner's priority in tlie matter of genei-a. Dr. A. Speyer, in a late issue of the Ent. Zeit., Stett. 1875, v. .36, p. 98, in his paper on " Europaisch-Amerikanische Verwandtschaften," uses these words in reference to this very question of Chiono- bas versus CEneis : " The limit of the permissible has been overstepped many CHIONOBAS II. times, as, for instance, in the introduction of Hubner's name ffineis for the genus Chionobas, Bois. Hiibner divides the species in this genus into two separate groups, Eumenis and (Eneis, and in both mixes them up with species of the genus Satynis. Under Eumenis he places Antonoe, Aello, Semele, and Tarpeja. Under ffineis. Noma, Bore, Celcmo, Jutta, and Arethusa. The generic charac- ters which he gives for Eumenis are : ' the upper side of the wings banded with ochre-yellow, under side of the hind wings white fringed and delicately marbled ; ' for (Eneis, ' both wings on upper side spotty rust-yellow, below marbled gray l)an(led.' Thus Hiibner has not even recognized the very natural genus Chionobas as such, let alone characterizing it sufficiently." And as Mr. A. R Wallace states, Anniv. Address, 1872, p. 18, while discussing the subject of the Huljnerian genera, " Such a mode of defining genera (by fades) is undoubt- edly superficial, and it can only be by the purest accident that a group so charac- terized can correspond in extent to any real genus." It needs nothing farther than the definitions of these groups as given to prove that neither of them em- brace Idumt and its allies. (OI8l]I(n)W(2)IBA[ MI. ^:^ --^^^i^a^^^h;' i- Dra-.^i ly Mary Pcai I L fa.j»,a, Cc IVALLDA 1 2 (/, 3 4 ^? . V:.p 5 J c/ J:'//f/ r/KU/rii/ifiL h I)' /.iirva /vouruil ., r />/.'/ "/■ mux A. l^D CHIONOBAS III. CHIONOBAS IVALLDA, 1—5. Chiomhas Ivallda, Mead, Cau. Ent., X., p. 196, 1878. Male. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.-3 inches. Ujiper side of primaries blackisli-brown, varying in individuals from dark to pale ; the costal margins finely and transversely streaked gray and brown ; the hind margins narrowly edged with brown ; on the lower side of cell and partly within it a black sexual band, sometimes obsolescent; between the nervules a series of elongated gray-ochraceous spots, nearly or quite filling the inter- spaces, usually six in number ; but sometimes the uppermost one is wanting ; in one example examined there is no trace of these spots (Fig. 5) ; on the second spot from costa is a black ocellus, always small, sometimes minute, with white pupil ; and in about one fourth the examples there is a minute spot on the lower median interspace, rai-ely large enough to admit a pupil. Secondaries gray-ochraceous, edged with brown; in submedian interspace is usually a small pupilled ocellus ; fringes bi'own at the ends of the nervules, white in the interspaces. Under side of primaries gray-ochraceous, the costa black and white ; the upper part of cell streaked transversely with brown, — sometimes the entire cell ; about three fifths the distance from base to arc some of these streaks become confluent and form a sinuous bar ; the disk is crossed by a brown stripe, which projects^ a long tooth upon upper branch of median ; below this the stripe is twice roundly incised, and sometimes projects a spur along the sub-median interspace nearly or quite to the hind margin ; the apical area finely streaked with brown on white ground; the ocelli repeated. Under side of secondaries whitish, with an ochraceous tint over the disk and marginal area ; much covered with dark brown abbreviated streaks, which at base and on middle of disk are largely confluent ; the wing crossed by a broad mesial band, the edges of which are dark, the outer ii-regularly crenated or CHIONOBAS III. serrated, with a S2)ur along the upper side of lower branch of sub-costal ; the inner edge angular from costa to median, with a deep angular sinus at median ; the ocellus repeated. Body above, dark brown ; beneath, the thorax blackish, abdomen yellow-brown ; legs yellowish, the long hairs of the femora black ; palpi black, in front brown ; antenna? aunulated brown and gray, on under side gray ; club ferruginous above, gray below, the tip black. Female. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.4 inches. Upper side more yellow ; the costal and hind margins as in the male ; the ocelli vary from two to four, — tliere being in the latter case one in each median interspace ; and usually all, or at least the three uppermost, are pupilled ; second- aries and the under side of both wings as in male ; sometimes there is a small ocellus on either side of the large one on secondaries. Egg. — Sub-conic, broadest at base, nearly as broad as high ; rounded at top ; ornamented by about eighteen vertical ridges, the sides of which are irregularly excavated ; part of these terminate at about three quarters the distance from base to summit, and the remainder gradually sink to the surface; the spaces be- tween, over the top, irregularly and shallowly j^itted (Fig. a). Young Larva. — Length .11 inch; body stout anteriorly, tapering from fourth seo-ment to last, which ends in two blunt conical tails, each of which sends out a short terminal white bristle ; color at first soiled white, soon aftergreen- ish-white, striped with dull red, or red-ljrown; a broad stripe on middle of dorsum ; on the upper part of the side another, running to the end of tail ; a third, substigmatal, somewhat macular ; between the dorsal and lateral band a brown line, and a second just below the lateral ; on each segment from three to twelve on either side are three rows of clubbed hairs, each of which springs from a tu1)ercle ; head lai'ge, rounded, narrowing towards top, the surface thickly covered with shallow punctures ; color dull yellow ; across the upper front face is a curved row of four rounded browir tubercles, and a second row of six across middle; and from each springs a dark clubbed hair; the ocelli black (Fig. b). This larva was sent by Mr. Mead from Virginia City, Nev., and was but just out of the egg when received. It had emerged on the upper part of one side, and was clasped about the shell when I opened the box. This was August 18, 1877. It lived till September 21, and when very near the first moult was acci- dentally killed. It fed readily on grass, and in behavior was not unlike other Satyrids at same stage. It is evident that this species does not hybernate imme- diately from the egg, but the length of the first stage was such that I apprehend hybernation would naturally occur when the larva was about half grown. As the body enlarged the anterior segments equaled the head in diameter, the last segment became red-brown, and a collar of same color appeared upon the / CHIONOBAS III. secoud. This stage of Icallda closely i-eseniljled the corresponding one of C. Aello, as figni-ed by Mr. Scu(hler; but the egg ditiers in shape materially : that of Aello being marked by straight beaded ridges, and being narrower at base than towards the snmmit. So little is known of the preparatory stages of species of Chionobas, that even the meager contril)ution I am thus al)le to make will be an addition of some importance. Mr. Mead found leallda on Fred's Peak and on Tallac Mountaiu, near Lake Tahoe, during the latter part of July and early in August, at an elevation ol" nine to ten thousand feet above the sea. On the grassy northern slopes of Tallac Mountain it was pretty abundant. He regards it as local and extremely rare in most parts of its habitat, finding no examples in a very thorough exploration of the mountain crests about Summit, which is also near Lalce Tahoe, and but i'ew on Freel's Peak. Mr. Morrison, the same season, took a few examples about Sum- mit, and Mr. Henry Edwards had occasionally taken one or more there in previous years. The nielanized male figured on the plate (Fig. 5), was taken by Mr. Morrison. The Qgg obtained by Mr. Mead was laid 1)y a female confined in a small portable cage, contrived by him, and described in Psyche, vol. 2. p. ISl. I copy his description, that his mode of obtaining eggs may be more exten- sively known to Lepidopterists. " I have found a little device, very convenient on excursions where only a limited amount of l)aggage can be carried, for inducing butterflies to lay eggs. T had a number of wire frames made, each consisting of two rings about five inches in diameter, connected by wire up- rights, about seven inches high, the joints being all soldered. These frames will fit in, side by side, so as to require only a moderate amount of room. I had a similar number of round tin box covers made, dilTering in size sufficientlv to nest together. A few cylindrical flat-bottomed bags of gauze, of suitable size to fit over the rings, completed the apparatus. If the food-plant is not too large it may be transplanted to one of the tin covers (in which the gauze-covered frame is set) ; otherwise a branch may be placed in a liottle of water within the cage and the female introduced. In this simple way the eggs of more tlian a score of butterflies were obtained during the summer." Icallda is closely allied to C Chryxus Doubl, the differences being mainly in color. Mr. Mead notices that Ivailda is almost exactly like Hipparchia Rld'nujs'd Edw., " which," he adds, "has not only the appearance but the hal)its of a Chionobas." On the Plate is also given the egg of C. Iduna, received from Mr. 0. T. Baron. It is snbconic, broadest at base, nearly as broad as high, the top a little depressed, the sides ornamented by about eighteen vertical ridges, which are somewhat sin- uous, elevated, and sharp, their sides irregularly excavated. The larger part of these extend from base to summit, about which they form a beaded rim (Fig. c). Ho \ f I I V I)i;nvn l.\' Wavv I\-;.rt L.Bowen col.Phil^, BACHMANI,! 25 3 4$ f I.(iy\f/f/fh7 f/ii/fl j/fo^// t /' (/ Itnufir.s. 'S^ LIBYTHEA. LIBYTHEA BACHMANI, 1-4. Libi/lliiit nurJimniii, Kirtlaml, SiUiiiKin's .louriKil, vnl. xiii. 1S.">2, liii". Saiiiiilers, Canailian Entc)ini)Ioijist. vol. i l,st;s, fi!f3(fJ)^iltvi»:: /:-° /-■ *%:.... SP ■1^ I Dv iWli ' 7 Mary P"':' ^^ *.*SiS»«iteV^ f ?v- L Biwen. Ccl NAIS 12cf, 3^49 . /( /.III I-''- npiiina I r .. iiuiturr f" I ' I'l'iri k h' ('iiiysa/is iniiqiafwA PALMERIl- 5.6cr. 7 89 k Lar-viJ, ; III ■II II' I riiaaniAed^ LEMONIAS I. LEMONIAS NAIS. 1-4. Lemonias Nain, Eiiw. (Chri/sophanus Nais), Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc, V., '2!)1, 1876. Male. — Expands 1.5 inch. Upper side fulvou,s and dark brown, spotted with black, the disks being fulvous, the bases and margins brown ; a fulvous dash on costal margin of primaries at base ; hind margins edged by a black line ; the narrow brown border is followed by a series of rounded black spots, completely crossing both' wings ; in some examples the submarginal fulvous area is broad, in others it is reduced to a series of fulvous crenations on the anterior side of the rounded spots ; next preceding is a common black band made up of narrow confluent spots; a similar band crosses the disks, witli a .sharp bend round the end of cell of primaries ; at the extremity of each cell a black transverse bar, and three others within, near the middle ; also below are three in line with the others ; primaries have a small white submarginal spot, and an indistinct whitish or yellowish spot near inner angle ; fringes alternately, but irregularly, l)rown and white. Under side of primaries orange, except for a little spot of white or buff quite at the margin in each interspace, and a dash of same color in subcostal inter- space ; hind margin edged by a black line ; the whole wing spotted Ijlack, rep- resenting in small the marks of upper side. Secondaries yellow-white or buff, with black marginal line, the spots repeated as on primaries ; between the two outer rows an orange belt, and orange over outer part of cell and in the inter- spaces below cell. Body above, dark brown, below, either white or buff; the abdominal segments at their edges, on sides, fulvous ; legs, pale orange, the femora white, and the first pair (which are aborted in this sex) white; palpi white ; antennse annulated black and white ; club black, reddish at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.) Female. — Expands from 1.3 to 1.4 inches. Marked like the male, but the colors are lighter, and in many examples the fulvous area is moi'e extended. (Figs. 3, 4.) LEMONIAS I. Egg. — Button-shaped, the top depi-essed ; covered with a white, vitreous coating, or net-work, in six-sided meshes, each angle sending out a short tapering filamentous spine (Fig. «'^.); these spines are wanting in the concentric rows about the micropyle (Fig. c^.), and the meshes there are five-sided, and in the central rosette rhoniboidal ; the egg imder this net-work is sage-green, and through it, whitish-green (Fig. a.). Duration of this stage about twelve days. Young Larva. — Length, .04 inch ; cylindrical, thickest at third segment, tapering posteriorly, the dorsum a little arched, each segment rounded ; color greenish-yellow, a pale crimson stripe along middle of side ; from 3 to 12, two dorsal rows of broad, oval, flattened, tuberculated processes, from each of which comes a pencil of five long, recurved black hairs, one being shorter than the rest ; along lower part of side, from 2 to 1.3, are three long, depressed white hairs to each segment, and under these some fine and shorter ones ; on 2 is a dark dorsal oval process, considerably elevated, the top rounded, and on its an- terior part are six long hairs on each side the medio-dorsal line, all turned for- ward ; in front of these is a fringe of long white hairs which falls over the head ; 13 is brown at extremity, and the hairs extend back almost horizontally, a little depressed ; feet and pro-legs yellow-green ; head a little broader than 2, obovoid, bilobed, slightly pubescent ; color dark brown ; the head is not re- tractile, but is partly covered by 2 (Fig. 6.). Duration of this stage about fifteen days. After first moult : length about two days after the moult, .11 inch ; somewhat flattened, broader than high, the dorsum highest at 3, a little arched, and, as well as the sides, tapering to 13 ; the head bent down and under, and partly concealed by 2 ; color at first pale green dorsally, later, dull wdiite wdth a faint green tint ; a brown stripe along upper part of side, the lower part of side and of the body pale yellow-green ; on dorsum two rows of brown, conical, low, blunt-tipped tubercles, from 3 to 12 ; on the side, in line with the stripe, a row of similar, but smaller, tubercles, from 3 to 13 ; and lower down, another row, still smaller, from 3 to 12 ; from the dorsal tubercles rise pencils of short, straight, divergent hairs, about twenty-four in number, black ; from the upper lateral row similar pencils, shorter and fewer, black ; from the lower row a few short, divergent black hairs, and under them several long white hairs, depressed ; on 2 is a yellowish, vitreous, low, rounded protuberance, divided into two at the medio-dorsal line, the back part and middle of each half beset with short, straight black hairs, but from the front proceed long white hairs, which come down over the face ; on the side of 2 are two small pencils of hairs in vertical row, the upper one lying between the two lateral rows of other segments, a few white hairs from each ; at the extrem- ity of 13 a black tuberculatiou, with short black and long white hairs projecting LEMONIAS I. horizontally ; the white hairs from the difi'erent segments form a complete fringe around the body, including botli extremities; head broader than high, obovoid, the sides rounded, the top depressed, the vertices rounded; color black, covered with a yellow down on lower two-thirds, and witli many long, depressed, white hairs (Fig. c). To next moult nineteen days. After second moult: length three hours after the moult, .19 inch; same shape and appearance as at next previous stage ; the dorsum dull wliite, with a brown line down the middle ; the Ijrown stripe as Ijefore, the rest of side reddish-yellow ; the dorsal white area is elevated above the segments at either end, that is, above 2 and 13, and ends abruptly, and 13 dorsaliy is of same hue as the sides; head as before (Fig. d.). To next moult fifteen days. After third moult : length one day after the moult, .20 inch, greatest breadth, .08 inch; shape and appearance as before ; the dorsum dull white, the medio-dor- sal stripe pink-gray, the sides pink-ljrown mottled with white ; head as before (Figs, e, e^.). To next moult eleven days. After fourth moult : length eighteen hours after the moult, .40 inch; greatest breadth, .15 ; height, .10 inch. Mature Larva. — Length, .7 inch ; the head bent under, and, seen from above, both ends are rounded ; the general shape long oval, the last segments narrowest; viewed sidewise, 3 and 4 are highest and the slope is gradual to 13, rapid to head ; the dorsum elevated, forming a tlat ridge from 3 to 12, with i-ather abrupt ends and sides ; color of dorsum dull pinkish-ferruginous, with decided white along the edge of the elevated part ; a dark raedio-dorsal line or stripe ; the sides of body wine-red. finely mottled with whitish on the upper part ; on the lower, green and reddish are blended, and beneath green prevails ; the two lower rows of tubercles yellow; in all there are six rows of tubercles, — one sub-dorsal and two lateral on either side ; the upper and lower extend from 3 to 12, the other from 3 to 13 ; those of the dorsal rows are short, conical, blunt, and each sends out a pencil of many very short, straight, divergent black hairs : those of second row are small, with similar pencils of hairs, but fewer in num- ber; those of lower row are still smaller, with a pencil of half a dozen black hairs like the rest from the upper part, but under them, long, depressed white hairs falling to feet ; on 2 are two large rounded processes, white, vitreous, with several short, black hairs, but from the fronts come long white hairs which bend down, screening the face ; on the side of 2 are two small pencils of hairs in ver- tical line, the upper lying between the lateral rows of the other segments, the hairs black, the other a little below the line of lower row, and giving both black and white hairs ; over the feet also on 3 and 4 each is a slight tubercle with two or three white hairs ; 13 is dark colored dorsaliy, with a tuft of black hairs on LEMONIAS I. side in line with uj^per lateral row, and both black and white hairs at the end, the latter long, horizontal (Fig. g.); the white hairs from the several segments form a fringe completely around the larva ; head obovoid, the sides well rounded, the top depressed, the vertices rounded and covered by the protuberances of second segments (Figs./^,/^, /^.) ; color black, or black-brown ; the lower two- thirds thickly covered by a yellow down, with a few long, depressed white hairs. There was no variation perceptible in the shape of the head from second moult to maturity (Figs./, /■".). From fourth moult to pupation, sixteen days. (The whole body, in the last two larval stages, was covered with minute hairs, which cannot be represented on the Plate, and at the base of each hair was a white point, giving a mottled appearance under the glass.) Chrysalis. — Length, .45 inch ; greatest breadth across abdomen, .]5, across mesonotuni, .14 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen long, ovoid, pointed at the ex- tremity, not turned under, next thorax compressed ; head-case square at top, sloping flatly at the sides ; the mesonotuni rounded, very littlti elevated ; whole surface, except the wing-cases, thickly and equally beset with short whitish hairs ; color of anterior parts and wing-cases gray-brown ; the general color of abdomen greenish, rather dark ; a dorsal line and two sub-dorsal bands gray-brown, and one line of same color on side ; the crescent over eye orange. The chrysalis is held by a girdle about the middle. (Figs, h, Ir.) Nais is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and has been taken at least as far to the north in Colorado as Denver and Boulder. Mr. B. Neumoegen observed it in South Colorado in 18S0, especially at Oak Creek Canon, where it was common. He wrote that it first appeared there about the middle of July, but was most abundant toward the end of the month and beginning of August, but had en- tirely disappeared by the middle of August. It was always found on open clear- ings, flying from 10 A. m. to 2 p. m., and invariably settled near moist places. Its flight was of a rapid, zigzag character, much resembling MeVdcea. Mr. H. K. Morrison found the species abundant in Graham Mountains, Arizona, in 1882, and says: " I found Nais at an elevation of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet, on the flowers of • White Sage,' Eurotia lanata. It usually holds its wings flat while at rest, but moves them more than does L. Pahner'd." On July 20, 1881, I received from Mr. Doll, the agent employed by Mr. Neu- moegen in making collections of Lepidoptera in Arizona, several eggs of Neds. One was still perfect ; the rest had each a hole in the top, exactly at the micro- pyle, from which the larva had escaped. In the cotton which accompanied the eggs, were four young larva3, less than one day old. The eggs had been laid on twigs and leaves of Mesquit, Prosopis juliflora, by females confined in bag. I gathered various sorts of leaf to tempt the little creatures to eat, among them LEMONIAS I. poach and wild cherry. On 22d, it was evident that the cherry had been nib- bkid at, but only one caterpillar was living, and that died two days later. On 26th July, came another lot of eggs and larva; from Mr. Doll. They had been twelve days on the road, in the mail, in tin box, with Mesquit leaves. There were half a dozen eggs unhatched, several caterpillars but lately out, and some were in the act of emerging from round holes at the middle of the depressed tops. I put these caterpillars in a glass with wild cherry leaves only, as the former ones seemed to have eaten cherry a little, but in course of the next three or four days one after another died, not liking the food. When but two were left, I tried wild plum, giving the tenderest terminal leaves, and at last had liit upon the right plant. One leaf had been dropped upside down into the glass, and next day its edges were stitched to a leaf it had fallen upon, and they were somewhat drawn together. Twenty-four hours later the upper leaf was quite closed up, so that I had to slit one side of it to get a view of tlie tenant, which was resting on the midrib, and had made for itself a thick bed of silk. It had not eaten the leaf which conceale > .• ri: ./:•■ ^'*j'^ •H*^ Drawiv byMaryPearL. RUBIDUS, 1.2,4,3.9. CUPREUS. 4,5 J, 6.7 ?. SIRIUS. 8.9.6,10?. Bow en flC^ lift -Phil* CHRYSOPHANUS I. CHRYSOPHANUS RUBIDUS, 1—3. Chrysophaniis vuliiilus Vwhr. rrur. Ent. Sue. I'hil. ISiJG, p. 208. Male. — Expands 1.3-3 incli. Upper side l)riglit co]iper-red, secondaries only having a narrow marginal border of paler color ; on arc of primaries a fuscous ))ar and in cell a spot ; on arc of secondaries a streak ; otherwise immaculate except as the sj^ots of imder side are faintly seen through the delicate wings ; hind margins edged by a black line ; fringes gray-white. Under side Ijufl"; primaries have a sub-marginal row of Ijrown spots, wanting apically ; a sinuous row of six rounded black spots across disk, the sixth duplex ; a bar on arc, two spots in cell and one below cell ; secondaries immaculate. Body fuscous, beneath bufi"; legs and palpi butf; antenna} annulated with black and white ; club fuscous, tip fulvous. FeMxVLE. — Same size. Upper side yellow-fulvous ; secondaries much obscured by fuscous, especially next base and just anterior to the red marginal border; primaries have a similar border preceded by a fuscous band ; the extra-discal row of spots distinct ; a large spot on arc and one in cell ; secondaries have a discal streak and four spots beyond, part of an incomplete transverse row ; under side as in the male. This species wa.s originally taken in Oregon by Professor Gabb. while engaged in a geological survey, but from what locality is not known. It is also among the butterHies collected in Montana, by Dr. Hayden's expedition of 1870. CHRYSOPHANUS I. CHRYSOPHANUS CUPREUS, 4—7. Chrysopbanus ciipreus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soo. 1S70, p. 20. Male. — Expands 1.1 inch. Uppei' side bright copper-red, color of Riibidus ; hind margins narrowly bor- dered by fuscous ; 1)oth wings crossed by a tortuous, extra-discal row of fuscous spots and points ; a large fuscous spot on arc of primaries and a point on that of secondaries. Under side of primaries red-ochi'aceous ; spots as above, but enlarged, and in addition, two in cell, all edged with buff; the marginal border as above, grayish, having on its inner edge a row of small brown spots; secondaries paler, much ii-rorated with black at base ; upon hind margin a royv of separated orange huiules, against which, next marginal edge, are traces of brown spots ; the extra- discal spots as on upper side, but in addition, there are eight others, three on costal margin, two in cell, two on arc, and one on abdominal margin. Body fuscous, below pale buft'; legs and palpi bulf ; antennae annulated black and white ; club fuscous, tip fulvous. Female. — Expands 1.2 inch. Color pale red, marked on both sides as in the male ; the spots much enlarged and conspicuous. This species is also found in Oregon, but I am unable to give its exact locality. It is as yet exceedingly rare in collections. CHRYSOPHANUS I. CHRYSOPHANUS SIRIUS, s_10. Clinsophaiius .Sirius, Edwards, Trans. Am. Eiit. Sou. 1871, p. 210. Male. — Expands 1.3 iiicli. Upper side brilliant copper-red, deepest on costal margin of primaries and on both hind margins and all the nervures, the interspaces having a Ijrown shade when viewed directly, but fiery-red otherwise ; on the hind margin of secondaries the deep red border is broken into spots towards anal angle, these spots inclosing black lunules that are produced by the expansion of the black line that edges both margins ; discal spot of primaries a straight fuscous Ijar ; a fuscous point in cell ; discal mark of secondaries a streak, and three or four points Ijeyond cell ; frino'cs orav-white. Under side of primaries buff with a red tint, of secondaries Imff; ^wimaries have a sub-marginal row of rounded fuscous spots, obsolete apically ; a bent row across the disk, rounded, nearly equal ; a Ijar on arc. a spot and point in cell and a spot below cell on sub-mechau interspace; secondaries have a tortuous row of points or minute spots, and three points nearer liase forming a line across the wing. Body above fuscous, beneath pale but!"; legs Iniff; palpi same: antenna^ an- nuhxted black and white ; clul) fuscous, tip ferruginous. Female. — Same size. Upper side fuscous, the dislc of primaries pale fulvous, more or less oljscured by fuscous, of secondaries still darker ; all the spots of under side are discovered through the wing, those of secondaries much enlarged ; within the fuscous mar- ginal border of primaries a deep fulvous stripe which curves around inner angle ; secondaries have a marginal band of fulvous serrations, within each of whicli is a fuscous spot. The female of this species bears a striking resemblance to the female of Lycania Hdvronea, as may be seen by referring to our PLate of the latter. The genus Chrysophanus (Polyommatus of Boisduval) embraces many l)eantiful CHRYSOPHANUS I. species, and is well represented in North America, especially in the Rocky Moun- tains and on the Pacific slope. These little butterflies frequent the open coun- try rather than woods and forests, and such as are found in the Eastern and Middle States are very common in old fields and pastures. The eggs of most butterflies are beautiful objects when seen under the microscope, diflering infi- nitely in form and ornamentation, and I know of none that surpass in beauty those of our two Atlantic species of Chrysophanus, Hyllus and Phleas, var. Americana. These eggs are round and flattened, and in case of Hyllus covered with a delicate frosting ; in Phleas the whole surface is occupied by hexagonal depressions, that give the appearance of a \ni of honeycomb. The caterpillars of this genus are oval, onisciform, with small retractile heads and retractile feet. So far as is known, the American species feed on the leaves and flowers of Dock (Rumex), Sorrel (R. acetosella), and Golden-Rod (Solidago). The European sj)ecies feed also on Polygonum. The chrysalis is supported by a girdle, after the manner of the Papilionidae. :) i 1^^ -^ Drciwn by Mnr\' Peart 1., Buwfii rol fliil" REGIA,12 6. 3^4 9 HETER-OTSIEA, 5,6. 6,7. 8. 9 LYC.ENA I. LYC.ENA REGIA, 1-4. Lycana Rrc/in, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Beig. XII., p. 46, 18G8. Ibid. Lep. (le I.a Cal. p. 46, 1869. Male. — Expands 1.1 inch. Upper siile In-illiant silvery blue ; the hind margins edged by a black line ; primaries have a narrow black marginal border, rather broad at apex, macular in the discoidal and two upper median interspaces; an e.xtra discal row of either four or five rounded black spots, three being in a bent transverse line half-way Ijctween the end of the cell and the hind margin, the others forming an oblique line with the lowest of the three, and placed upon the median interspaces ; at the end of the cell a transverse black streak ; near the margin, a little aljove inner angle, two small patches of orange, varying in size and distinctness in indi- viduals. Secondaries have two small black spots at the end of the cell, and some- times there are faint traces of a macular marginal band ; fringes long, alternatLdy and eijually white and fusccnis on primaries, and on secondaries white, witli a few fuscous hairs at the tip of each nervule. Under side of primaries brownish-gray, towards apex gray-white ; of seconda- ries gray, either brown or white over the basal area, brown on the disk and gray next hind margin ; the spots of upper side of primaries repeated, and, with the addition of a sixth spot on the sub-median interspaces, they form a row quite across the wing ; a black streak at the end and a small spot in the middle of the cell ; near the hind margin a transverse black line interrupted by the two orange spots, which re-appear and are somewhat enlarged and are confluent. Secondaries have an irregular series of eight black spots across the disk, the two on t\w dis- coidal interspaces being at some distance back of the line ; at the end of the cell a streak and three spots near base. Body above blue, beneath brownish-gray ; legs whitish ; paljti white with black hairs at tip; antennae annulated with white and fuscous; club black, tipped with white. Female. — Same size. Upper side rather less silvery than in the male ; prmiaries have a broad and LYCyENA, I. continuous black border, preceding which is an indistinct black line, interrnpted by the orange spots ; these ai'e much larger than in the male and are confluent ; the extra-discal spots enlarged and the three upper ones confluent. Secondaries have a large orange spot near anal angle (which does not re-appear on the under side), a marginal row of rounded l)lack spots and an indistinct sub-marginal line ; also two spots on the discoidal intersjjaces, and in some examples, two or three black points on the disk. Under side much darker than in the male, especially over the basal area of each wing, and the spots less conspicuous, often partly obsolete. This lovely species inhabits the coast region of Southern California, and is not uncommon at San Diego, according to Mr. Henry Edwards, flying over the swampy land close to the shores of the harbor. Mr. Behrens found it at Gil- roy, Santa Clara County, which is its most northern limit, as known at pre.sent. ^0 ' o LYC^NA I. LYC^NA HETERONEA, 5-8. Lyc(ena Ileteronea, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1852, p. 298. Male. — Expands 1.4 inch. Upper side violet blue, Avitli a strong pink reflection, silvery blue at the ex- treme edge of each wing ; immaculate ; the hind margins narrowly bordered with black ; fringes white. Under side grayish-white ; primaries have a sub-marginal row of brown spots, those next apex often obsolete, and a tortuous row across the disk ; a bar at the extremity of the cell, two spots within the cell and one below, on sub-median interspace. Secondaries sometimes immaculate, but most often with an obsoles- cent sub-marginal row of spots, and another row across the disk ; a streak at the end of the cell and three points near base. Body above blue, beneath gray-white ; legs white ; palpi white with fuscous hairs at tip ; antennae fuscous annulated with white above, whitish beneath ; club fuscous. Female. — Same size. Upper side yellow-brown, with pale lunules along the hind margin of seconda- ries, which are however sometimes obsolete ; the spots of the discal row on under side of each wing, and also the basal .spots, re-appear on the upper side, and are distinct even when faint or obsolescent beneath. This insect marks the passage of Lyctena into Chrysophanus (Polyommatus) as stated by Dr. Boisduval, the female bearing a close resemblance to the female of C Sirius. Heieroiiea is found in Colorado and California, and probably in the intervening States. Mr. II. Edwards says: "It is certainly not exclusively a mountain species, and its I'ange extends from close to the sea-shore near San Francisco to the high peaks of the Sierra Nevada. I have found it most commonly in open places or meadows in the middle of the pine forests of the mountains, and particularly about Lake Talioe. I also met with it in the Yosemite Valley. It is never, how- ever, found in large nundiers. and may be called one of our rare species." 1 r 1 >/*> .1^ w'w 7 ^7 C 'm^l •v^3*y r t t^-4l^ W ^^1^-^/ ^ A- ::^ ,.y /f%-f w '— /.Ife^ "^'1 -H*- PSEUDARGIOIJJS . , MAKGINATA 3 rf' 4 9 :OLAC£A 6 c/ 6 9, melanic 7a' ■ PSEUDAR GIOLUS 8 c/ 9 ? 18 ^ 19. NEGLFJC"'A 10 to 15 .-/9 , vap. CJNEREA 16 d" T/? . '^'ASUS P.Oo" 219, aberr. 22 fr. ^.o LYC^NA II., III. LYCiENA PSEUDARGIOLUS. 1-27. Lycana Pseudarrjiolus, Boisduval and Leconte. Winter form, 1. Lucia, Kirby, Fann. Bor.-Amer., IV., p. 290, pi. 3, 1S37. " " 2. Makginata, Edw., Papilio, III., p. Sfi, 1883. " " 3. ViOLACEA, Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Pliil., VI., p. 201, 1SG6; id.. But. N. A., I., p. 149, pi. 49. Nicr.A, dimorphic ^ (not 9). '• c, pi. 49. Var. CiXEiiiiA, Edw., I'ajiilio, III., p. 8, 1883. Spring form. Psicudaugiolus, Bois. and Lee, Lep. des Amer. (text, not plate), p. 118, 1S33; Edw., But. N. A., I., p. 153, jil. 50. Argiolus, Abbot and Sniitli, Ins. Ga., pi. 15, 1797. Summer form. Neglecta, Edw., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., p. 56, 1SG2; id.. But. X. A., I., p. 155, pi. 50; Buis. and Lee, 1. c, plate, figs. 1, 3. Pacific form, winter and spring : — PiASl-s, Bois., Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2™ scr., X., p. 299, 1852. Var. Echo, Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. 50G, 18G4. Egg. — Diameter, .02 inch; round, flat at base, the top flattened and de- pressed ; the surface covered with a white hice-work, the meshes of which are mostly lozenge-.shaped, with a short rounded process at each angle ; color of the shell under this covering delicate green. (Figs, a «\) Duration of this stage, in April, 6 to 8 days ; in May, June, and September, 4 to 5 days. YouxG Larva. — Length .04 inch; the under side flat, legs retractile, upper side round, the dorsum highest at 4, and both dorsum and sides slope gradually to 13 ; surface pubescent ; on either side of the medio-dorsal line a row of white clubbed hairs, one at the posterior end of each segment ; similar hairs about the base, and in front of 2, making a complete fringe around the body ; color either greenish-white or brownish-yellow ; head minute, obovoid, black, retractile. (Fig. h.) Duration of this stage 4 to 5 days in spring, 3 in summer. After first moult: length .07 and .08 inch; nearly same shape as before, with pubescent surface and dorsal and basal hairs ; color in spring and fall brown- ish-yellow ; in summer the same, as well as greenish-white, and occasionally red- dish. (Fig. c.) Duration of this stage from 3 to 5 days. 2 LYC^NA II., III. After second moult: length .12 to .16 inch; general shape as before, but the tlorsuin is now covered from 3 to 10 by a low, broad, continuous, tubercu- lous ridge, cleft to the body at the junctions of the segments, the anterior edge on each segment depressed, the sides incurved ; 2 is more flattened than before, and the outer border is thickened into a rounded rim, leaving within the curve a flat, depressed space ; surface pubescent ; about the base a fringe, as before, and a few short hairs on summit of dorsum; color in spring, pale green, the dorsum whitish, usually with a median reddish line or stripe from 3 to 10, often macular; in summer, variable, buff or pale green, without spots, the second segment Ijrown ; in some examples the dorsum and sides are mottled with dark green and brown ; occasionally one is wine-red throughout, or red with a white basal stripe, and white along the edges of the dorsal tuberculations ; in fall, dull green, more or less marked brown. (Fig. d.) Duration of this stage 3 to 4 days. After third moult: length .18 to .2 inch; in shape nearly as before, the dor- sum higher, segment 2 more produced and flattened ; the long hairs on dorsum lost, but the basal fringe as before; color variable, as in previous stage. (Figs, e to e*.) Duration of this stage 3 to 4 days. After fourth moult: length .25 to .3 inch; maturity is reached in 3 to 4 days. Mature Larva. — Length in spring and fall, .4 inch, in summer, .5 to .55 inch ; shape long oval, the base flat, dorsum high and sloping both ways from about the middle, the last segments flattened ; the second segment is bent forward to the plane of base, produced, flattened, and whoUj' conceals the head when the larva is at rest; viewed from above the sides are nearly parallel, the two ends (segments 2 and 13) are about equally I'ounded ; from 3 to 10 inclusive is a dorsal ridge made of tuberculous processes closely joined at the junctions of the seguients, the front edge of each depressed, the posterior edge raised and rounded, so that each process seems to fit into the next preceding ; 2 is depressed in middle, and the whole outer edge is thickened and rounded ; color variable, in spring, usually as follows : the ridge whitish, often stained red, or it is brown, light or dark ; the upper part of side olive-green, with a darker green, or sometimes a dull red, patch along the posterior edge of each segment ; below this area pale green, and along base more or less brown ; 11 to 13 are mottled in shades of green, often with brown, and 2 is either green or brown ; if the latter, then with a brown patch in the depression ; under side pale blue-green ; color in summer, sometimes yellow-white or all delicate green, 2 being brown ; or the ridge is light green and the sides dark, often with brown patches over all ; or light green, with a medio- dorsal macular deep green band, and a similar one along base ; or the whole sur- face may be wine-red, or even chocolate-brown ; color in fall, green, with more or lycj<:na II., III. 3 less brown in irregular patches (Figs./ to/'') ; head small, obovoitl, dark brown, glossj^, placed on the end of a long, conical neck, which can be thrust out to a length equal at least to the breadth of two of the body segments (Figs. P-l''), and when withdrawn is, together with the head, completely within segment 2 ; color of neck blue-green. (Figs, i, l\) The surface of the body is velvety, and this ap- pearance is owing to minute stellate glassy processes, scarcely raised above the surface, and only visible under a powerful magnifier, mostly six-rayed, and each sending up from the centre a filament whicli is a little longer than one of the rays ; these stars are arranged in pretty regular rows, and are light except when on brown ground, in that case brown ; but in the fall larva3 the stars on brown ground are observed to be sometimes pink. (Fig. n.) On 11 near the posterior edge, on middle of dorsum, is a transverse wavy slit, in an oval raised rim, out of which, at the will of the larva, is protruded slightlv an ovoid green membrane (Fig. k) ; and on 12, back of and outside the stigmata, is a mark like a stigma on either side, but a little lai-ger ; from this, also at will, may proceed a mem- branous cylinder, the top rounded, truncated, and turned in, but which, wdien fully expanded, displays a crown of tentacles. (Figs. ;u-Hr.) Before pupation, the larva sometimes changes color to pink, and from pink to brown, or becomes brown without the pink stage ; others retain their natural hues, but these fade. From fourth moult to pupation, 5 or G da vs. CiiUYSALis. — 5 from eggs of Vlolacci: average length, .2Go inch; breadth across mesonotum, .O'JIG inch; across abdomen, .123 inch. 27 from eggs of Pseuddrtjtohis : average length, .318 inch; breadth across meso- notum, .119 inch; aci'oss abdomen, .159 inch. 25 from eggs of Negledn of July : average length, .298 inch ; breadth across meso- notum, .1 inch; across abdomen, .14 inch. 3 from eggs of Ncjjlecta of September : average length, .293 inch ; breadth across mesonotum, .1 inch; across abdomen, .136 inch. The ventral side straight, the dor.sal rounded, and evenly, except for a slight depression below mesonotum, the abdomen broad and high ; head case narrow, rounded at top; mesonotum somewhat prominent, rounded ; color dark brown or yellow-brown, varying ; the wing cases dark, and sometimes green-tinted ; on ab- domen two sub-dorsal rows of blackish dots, and sometimes a medio-dorsal dark line from end to end (Figs, j/, Pseudarrjlolus, h, Violacea, nat. size) ; surface covered with short fine hairs. (Fig. /.) Duration of this stage, in the brood from Violacea, in the only instance in which a butterfly has emerged, 24 days, most of the chrysalids hibernating; in the brood from Nerjlecta of July, 10 and 11 days, with irregular disclosure for some weeks after, most chrysalids hiber- natinir. 4 LYC.ENA 11., III. Since the publication of Vol. I., in -wliicli Pseudargiolus, Neglecta, and Vlola- cea were given as three distinct species, their history has come to be tlioroughly known, and it is found that they, together with Lticia and other forms, constitute one polymorphic species, which has possession of the broad continent, from the boreal regions to Mexico. The history is so peculiar that I have concluded to devote two Plates to the phases of the butterfly and its biology. It was not pos- sible, while Vol. I. was in hand, and before the preparatory stages of any of these forms had been discovered, to know that they comprised but a single spe- cies, and till such time they were rightly regarded as distinct. On the first Plate are represented typical examjiles of each of the principal forms of the butterfly, •with such striking varieties as I have been able to obtain ; and these figures, in connection with the two Plates in Volume I., illustrate the species fully. The general history is as follows : — 1. In the high boreal regions, the species is one-brooded, and at the same time dimorphic, the two forms mider which it manifests itself being Lucia and Viola- cea. Lucia (Figs. 1, 2) has been received from Youcon River, from Lake Win- nipeg, and Anticosti. Kirby's type specimen was taken in lat. 54°, though the exact locality is not given. Violacea (Figs. 5, 6) flies at St. Michael's, Alaska, and on Anticosti. 2. At about lat. 45°, the more moderate climate allows a second generation to mature during the same season, and this is made up of the iorm JSFeglecta. (Figs. lO^to 12.) The first, or winter, generation now becomes tri-morphic, by the development of a form intermediate between Lucia and Violacea, viz., 3fargi- nata (Figs. 3, 4), and these three, together v/lih. Nerjlecta, inhabit the country at least as far south as Long Island. 3. At about lat. 39\ on the Atlantic, two of the forms of the first generation are found to have been suppressed, viz., Lucia and Marginata, and the third alone, Violacea, remains to represent that generation. But it is somewhat altered, the blue color having become darker, and the under surface purer white ; and it has developed an entirely new form of its own, restricted to one sex, viz., the black male. (Fig. 7.) This was figured in Vol. I. as female. On its discovery, in 1867, I took it to be female without question, as melanism in butterflies, when confined to one sex, is almost invariably found in the female. Especially is this the case in Lycjena, and I am informed by Mr. A. G. Butler that there is no other species of Lyctena known in which the melanic dimorphic form is male. In 1878, I was led to make an examination of the frenital organs of one of these black examples, and found it to be male. Since then I have made very many examinations, in successive years, and have not seen a melanic female. 4. But in lat. 40', at the west, in Colorado, the original forms Lricia and LYC.ENA n., III. 5 Violacea are found, and notwithstanding the high elevation the latter discovers the nielauic male; and the second generation is Nerjhcta. (Figs. 13, 14.) 0. In Arizona, at or about hit. oo', Violacea alone appears, but in a modified form, Cinerea (Figs. 16, 17), no black male and no Lucia so far having been taken ; and the second generation apparently is Pseudarglolus. (Figs. 18, 19.) G. In the Atlantic district, from lat. 40" or 39' southward, the summer genera- tion is Neglecta, but there is an intermediate or interpolated generation, flying in May, viz., Pseuclargiolus. (Figs. 8, 9.) 7. In California and Arizona, the species is represented in part by what is very near to Ncrjlccta, or else a small Pseudargiolus, viz., Echo (Fig. 219 ), but mainly by a modified form, Flams, which has two generations not differing from each other. ( Figs. 20 ; mention in Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXYI. p. 115, 1815 : •• Mr. C. Plotz says that he found caterpillars of L. Argus on Call una vulgaris. Was puzzled at seeing that every caterpillar had an ant standing on its back, and saw about forty larva? near ant hills, the ants always on the larvas, standing or walking, and apparently the caterpillars were in no way 16 LYC^NA TI., III. molested by tliem; indeed, the ants seemed to try and defend the larvo3 from him. Of all these larvaj none were infested by lehneuuions, and all produced butterflies." This last observation is very interesting. Rev. H. C. MeCook informed me that in the spring of 1877 he saw a small green larva on Cimicifuga racemosa, and " a black ant attending it, stroking the tail incessantly, moving away, and returning to go through the same process. He watched this for two hours, and saw that the pur])0se of the ant was at least friendly, but was at a loss to explain these strange manipulations." Mr. Saun- ders (Can. Ent. x. 14) relates that he had observed ants running over larvte of L. Scndderii, and that the discovery of the larvi^ was made easy by the presence of the ants. I have observed similar organs in larva? of L. Comyntas and L. Melissa, both of which species I have bred from the egg. The organs of Comipitas are of same shape as in Pseudaro/ LYC^ENA ni. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. a — ay. Egg ; magnified. h. Young Larva ; magnifieil. c. Larva after first moult ; magnified. d. Larva .after second monit ; magnified. e. Larva after third moult ; magnified. e^ — r'. Larva after third moult ; magnified, showing various coloring. / Matuhe Larva of Violacea ; natural size. /I,/'. IMature Larva of Pseudargiolus ; magnified. p. Mature Larva of fall brood ; magnified. /- — f^. Mature Larvae of all broods ; magnified, showing various coloring. g. Chrysalis from egg of Pseudargiolus ; natural size. g^. The s.ime ; magnified. h. Chrysalis from egg of Violacea ; natural size. !. Anterior segments mature Larva ; showing position of head, at rest. I''. Lender side of segment 2 ; showing same. iy — 'fi. Head and neck. k. Last segments ; showing the orifice on 11, cind the position of the organs on 12. JR. Organ of 12 partly expanded. m^. The tentacles in pencil. ??(■-. The tent.acles fully expanded. m^. Tentacle. n. Section of dorsum ; largely magnified, showing the stellate processes. 1. Dogwood (Cornus) in blossom ; the spring food-plant. 2. Rattle-weed (Cimicifuga) ; the summer food-plant. 3. Actinomeris squarrosa ; the fall food-plant. LIST OF SPECIES OF THE DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO BY WILLIAM H. EDWARDS BOSTON HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street Cr()c EitiECBilJE JPrcBB, £.ambriiig:c 1884 ADVERTISEMENT. IB^5 The Synopsis of North American Butterflies which accompanied Volume I. was issued in 1872, and for various reasons, among them the imperfect knowl- edge of many of the species described and of their distribution, which I shared with the other lepidopterists of the country, it was much at fault. In 18^74, I published in the Transactions of the American Entomological Society a Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America, north of Mexico, which was unquestion- ably an advance upon the Synopsis. In the intervening years many supposed species had been found to be synonymous, and many others to have been erro- neously credited to our fauna. Corrections were made accordingly. The ge- neric names were somewhat changed, and most of those in the Hesperidae dropped. A revised edition of the Catalogue has recently been printed in Volume XI. of the Transactions spoken of, lS§4>^with extended references, and in all respects as complete as I am able to make it. The present List follows the revised Cata- logue, and the numbers of the species in the two cori'espond. The List gives no synonyms, but simply the names of species and varieties. For information beyond that I refer to the Catalogue, which may be had separately on applica- tion to Mr. E. T. Cressox, Post-office Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa. WM. H. EDWARDS. CoALBURGH, W. Va., November 1, 1884. LIST OF SPECIES OF THE DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. PAPILIONID^. PAPILIONIN^. Papilio, Linn. 1. Ajax, Linn. 1. (L) Winter form Walsliii, Edw. Var. Abbotii, Edw. (2.) Winter form Telamonides, Feld. 2. Summer form, Marcellus, Bd. 2. Philinor, Linn. 3. Machaon, var. Aliaska, Sc. 4. Oregonia, Edw. 5. Zolicaon, Bd. 6. Americus, Koll. 7. Nitra, Edw. 8. Indra, Reak. 9. Pergamus, H. Edw. 10. Brevicauda, Saund. 11. Bairdii, Edw. 12. Asterias, Fab. Var. Asteroides, Reak. 13. Troilus, Linn. 14. Palamedes, Dru. 15. Turnus, Linn. Dim. form 9 Glaucus, Linn. 16. Eurymedon, Bd. 17. Rutulus, Bd. Var. Arizonensis, Edw. 18. Daunus, Bd. 19. Pilumnus, Bd. 20. Cresphontes, Cram. 21. Thoas, Linn. 22. Polydamas, Linn. Paenassius, Latr. 23. Clodius, M^n. Var. Menetrie.sii, H. Edw. 24. Smiutheus, Doubl.-Hew. Var. Behrii; Edw. Var. Hermodur, H. Edw. 25. Noraion, Fisch. 26. Eversmanni, Mdn. ? Wosnesenski, Men. Var. 9 Tiior, H. Edw. PIERIN^. Neophasia, Behr. 27. Menapia, Feld. Var. Suffusa, Stretch. LIST OF SPECIES. PiERis, Schr. 28. Amaryllis, Fab. 29. Ilaire, Godt. 30. Mouuste, Linn. ,31. Beckerii, Edw. 32. Sisynibri, Bd. 33. Nelsonii, Edw. 34. Occidentalis, Reak. Winter form Calyce, Edw. 35. Protodice, Bd.-Lec. Winter form Vernalis, Edw. 36. Napi, Esp. Arctic form Bryonice, Ochs. Var. Hnlda, Edw. 1. Winter form Venosa, Sc. 2. Winter form Oleracea-hiema- lis, Harr. Var. Borealis, Gro. Var. Frigida, Sc. Aberr. Virginiensis, Edw. 3. (1.) Summer form Acadica, Edw. (2.) Summer form, a. Pallida, Sc. 6. Castoria, Reak. (3.) Summer form Oleracea- a^stiva, Harr. 37. Virginiensis, Edw. 38. Rapte, Linn. Var. Marginalis, Sc. Var. Yreka, Reak. Var. Mannii, Mayer. Var. Nov-Auglite, Sc. Nathalis, Bd. 39. lole, Bd. Var. L-ene, Fitch. Anthochajiis, Bd. 40. Lanceolata, Bd. 41. Creusa, Doubl.-Hew. 42. Hyantis, Edw. 43. Olympia, Edw. 44. Rosa, Edw. 45. Ausonides, Bd. Var. Coloradensis, H. Edw. 46. Cethura, Feld. 47. Morrisoni, Edw. 48. Thoosa, Sc. 49. Sara, Bd. 50. Reakirtii, Edw. 51. Stella, Edw. 52. Julia, Edw. 53. Genutia, Fab. Callidrtas, Bd. 54. Eubule, Linn. 55. Sennae, Linn. 56. Philea, Linn. 57. Agarithe, Bd. Kricogonia, Reak. 58. Lyside, Godt. Summer form Terissa, Luc. 59. Fantasia, Butl. 60. Lanice, Lintn. Colias, Fab. 61. Eurydice, Bd. Dimorphic form Amorphog, H. Edw. 62. Cfcsonia, StoU. 63. Meadii, Edw. LIST OF SPECIES. G4. Hecla, Lef. Var. Glacialis, McLach. Var. Hela, Str. 65. Boothii, Curt. Var. Chione, Curt. 66. Eurytheme. Bd. 1. Winter form Ariadne, Edw. 2. Winter form Keewajdin, Edw. 3. Summer form Eurytheme, Bd. 67. Ilagenii, Edw. 68. Philodice, Godt. Var. Anthyale, Hiib. 69. Eriphj-le, Edw. 70. Harfordii, H. Edw. 71. Occidentalis, Sc. 72. Christina, Edw. Southern form Astrsea, Edw. 73. Alexandra, Edw. 74. Edwardsii, Behr. 75. Emilia, Edw. 76. Interior, Sc. 77. Scudderii, Edw. 78. Pelidne, Bd. 79. Paloeno, Linn. 80. Chippewa, Edw. 81. Nastes, Bd. 82. Moina, Str. 83. Behrii, Edw. Terias, Swain. 84. Gundlachia, Poey. 85. Proterpia, Fab. 86. Nicippe, Cram. 87. Mexicana, Bd. 88. Damaris, Feld. 89. Westwoodii, Bd. 90. Lisa, Bd.-Lec. 91. Delia, Cram. 92. Jucunda, Bd.-Lec. NYMPHALID^. HELICONIN^. IIeliconia, Latr. 93. Charitonia, Linn. DANATN.E. Dakais, Latr. 94. Archippus, Fab. 95. Berenice, Cram. 96. Strigosa, Bates. DiRCENNA, Doubl. 97. Klugii, Fab. NYMPHALIN^. CoL^Nis, Doubl. 98. Julia, Fab. 99. Delila, Fab. Agraulis, Bd.-Lec. 100. Vanilla?, Linn. Argynxis, Fab. 101. Idalia, Dru. 102. Diana, Cram. 103. Nokomis, Edw. 104. Nitocris, Edw. 105. Leto, Behr. 106. Carpenterii, Edw. 107. Cybele, Fab. 108. Aphrodite, Fab. 109. Alcestis, Edw. 110. Nausicaa, Edw. 111. Lais, Edw. 112. Atlantis, Edw. LIST OF SPECIES. 113. Electa, Edw. 148. Freya, Thunb. lU. Columbia, H. Edw. Yar. Tarquinius, Curt. 115. Hesperis, Edw. 149. Polaris, Bd. 116. Hippolyta, Edw. 150. Frigga, Thunb. 117. Bremuerii, Edw. 151. Improba, Butl. 118. Zerene, Bd. 152. Bellona, Fab. 119. Monticola, Behr. 153. Epithore, Bd. Yar. Purpurascens, H. Edw. Yar. Kreimhild, Str. 120. 121. Rhodope, Edw. Behrensii, Edw. EUPTOIETA, Doubl. 122. Halcyone, Edw. 154. Claudia, Cram. 123. Chitone, Edw. 155. Hegesia, Cram. 124. 125. Coronis, Behr. Callippe, Bd. Melit^a, Fab. 126. Nevadensis, Edw. 156. Phaeton, Drury. 127. Edwardsii, Reak. 157. Cooperi, Behr. 128. Liliana, H. Edw. 158. Chalcedon. Doubl.-Hew. 129. Rupestris, Behr. A'ar. Dwinellei, H. Edw Yar. Irene, Bd. 159. Colon, Edw. 130. Laura, Edw. 160. Anicia, Doubl.-Hew. 131. Macaria, Edw. 161. Nubigena, Behr. 132. luornata, Edw. 162. Quino, Behr. 133. Adiante, Bd. 163. Baroni, H. Edw. 134. Artonis, Edw. 164. Rubicunda, H. Edw. 135. Clio, Edw. 165. Editha, Bd. 136. Opis, Edw. 166. Helvia, Sc. 137. Bischoffii. Edw. 167. Sterope. Edw. 138. Eurvnome, Edw. 168. Acastus, Edw. 139. Montivaga, Behr. 169. Palla, Bd. Yar. Erinna, Edw. 170. Whitneyii, Behr. 140. Egleis, Bd. 171. Hoffmanni, Behr. 141. Myrina, Ci'am. 172. Gabbii, Behr. 142. Triclaris, Hub. 173. Harrisii, Sc. 143. Helena, Edw. 174. Ulrica, Edw. 144. Montinus, Sc. 175. Dymas, Edw. 145. Chariclea, Schneid. 176. Perse, Edw. Yar. Obscurata, McLach. 177. Chara, Edw. 146. Butlcrii, Edw. 178. Leanira, Bd. 147. Boisduvallii, Somin. Yar. Obsoleta, H. Edw. LIST OF SPECIES. 179. Alma, Str. 180. Fill via, Edw. 181. Thekla, Edw. 182. Bollii, Edw. 183. Minuta, Edw. 184. Arachne, Edw. 185. Nympha, Edw. Cystineura, Doubl. 206. Amjmone, Men. Eresia, Doubl. 198. Frisia, Poey. 199. Texana, Edw. 200. Punctata, Edw. Stnchloe, Bois. 201. Janais, Dru. 202. Mediatrix, Feld 203. Adjutrix, Sc. 204. Erodyle, Bates. 205. Crocale, Edw. 207. 208. Phyciodes, Doubl. 18G. Nycteis, Doubl.-Hew. Var. Drusius, Edw. 209 187. Carlota, Reak. 188. Vesta, Edw. 210 189. Phaon, Edw. 211 190. Tharos, Dru. 212 191. Batesii, Reak. 213, 192. Pratensis, Behr. 214, 193. Orseis, Edw. 215 194. Camillus, Edw. 216. Winter form Emissa, Edw. Var. Pallida, Edw. Var. Mata, Reak. 217. 195. 196. Mylitta, Edw. Montana, Behr. 218. 197. Picta, Edw. Grapta, Kirby. Interrogationis, Falj. 1. Dim. form Fabricii, Edw. 2. Dim. form Umbrosa, Lintn. Comma, Harr. 1. Winter form Harrisii, Edw. 2. Summer form Dryas, Edw. Satyrus, Edw. 1. Dim. form Satyrus, Edw. 2. Dim. form Marsya.s, Edw. H3 las, Edw. Rusticus, Edw. Faunus, Edw. Silvius, Edw. Zephyrus, Edw. Gracilis, Gr.-Rob. Silenus, Edw. 1. Dim. form Silenus, Edw. 2. Dim. form Oreas, Edw. Progne, Cram. J. Album, Bd.-Lec. Vanessa, Fab. 219. Antiopa, Linn. 220. Calif ornica, Bd. 221. Milbertii, Godt. Pyeameis, Doubl. 222. Atalanta, Linn. 223. Huntera, Fab. 224. Cardui, Linn. 225. Carye, Hub. JuNONiA, Doubl. 226. Coenla, Hub. 227. Genoveva, Ci'am. LIST OF SPECIES. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. Anartia, Doubl. Jati'ophte, Linn. EuEEMA, Bois. Lethe, Fab. EuNicA, Felder. Monima, Cram. TiMETES, Bois. Coresia, Godt. Petreus, Cram. Eleucha, Doul)l.-Hew. Chiron, Fab. DiADESiA, Bois. Mi.sippus, Linn. LiMEXiTis, Fab. Ursula, Fab. Var. Arizonensis. Edw. Arthemis, Dm. 1. Dim. form Lamina, Fab. 2. Dim. form Proserpina, Edw. Weidemeyerii, Edw. Disippus, Godt. Var. Florideusls, Str. Eros, Edw. Var. Obsoleta, Edw. Hulstii, Edw. Lorquini, Bd. Heterochroa, Bois. CaUfornica, Butl. Apatura, Fab. Celtis, Bd.-Lec. Antonia, Edw. Var. Montis, Edw. 246. Leilia, Edw. 247. AHcia, Edw. 248. Clyton, Bd.-Lec. 1. Dim. foi-m Proserpina, Sc. 2. Dim. form Ocellata, Edw. 249. Flora, Edw. 250. Codes, Lintn., Mss. Papiiia, Westwood. 251. Troglodyta, Fab. 252. Morrisonii, Edw. SATYRIN^. Debis, West. 253. Portlandia, Fab. Neonympha, West. 254. Canthus, Bd.-Lec. 255. Gemma, Hlib. 256. Henshawi, Edw. 257. Areolatus, Sm.-Abb. 258. Eurytris, Fab. 259. Sosybius. Fab. 260. Rubricata, Edw. CCEXONYMPHA, West. 261. Calif ornica, Doubl.-Hew. Var. Ceres, Butl. Var. Galactinus, Bd. Var. Eryngii, H. Edw. Var. Palla, H. Edw. 262. Elko, Edw. 263. Inornata, Edw. 264. Ochracea, Edw. 265. Ampelos, Edw. 266. Kodiak, Edw. LIST OF SPECIES. 2G7. Breiida, Edvv. 268. Pampliiloides, Reak. 269. 270. 272. lo. 2 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. Erebia, Dalm. Fasciata, Butl. Discoidalis, Kirby. \'esagus, Doubl.-How. Kossii, Curt. Disa, var. Mancinus, Doubl.-Hew. Haydenii, Edw. Tyudarus, var. Callias, Edw. Epipsodea, Butl. Sofia, Str. Magdalena, Str. Geirociieilus, Butl. 279. Tritonia, Edw. HippARcriiA, Fab. 280. Ridingsii, Edw. 281. Diouysius, Sc. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. Sattrus, West. Pegala, Fab. Alope, Fab. 1. Dim. form Alope, Fab. Var. Texana, Edw. Var. Maritima, Edw. 2. Dim. form Nephele, Kirby. Var. Olympus, Edw. Var. Boopis, Behr. Sub.-var. Incana, Edw. Ariane, Bd. Baroni, Edw. Paulus, Edw. Gabbii, Edw. Wheelerii, Edw. Meadii, Edw. Silvestris, Edw. 291. Oetus, Bd. 292. Charon, Edw. 293. Sthenele, Bd. Chionobas, Bois. 294. Gigas, Butl. 295. Iduna, Edw. 296. Californica, Bd. 297. Nevadensis, Feld. 298. Chryxus, Doubl.-Hew. 299. Calais, Sc. 300. Ivallda, Mead. 301. Varuna, Edw. 302. Uhleri, Reak. 303. Tarpeia, Esp. 304. Taygete, Iliib. " 305. Jutta, Hub. 300. Seniidea. Say. 307. Crambis, Frey. 308. Subhyalina, Curt. LlBTTHEINiE. 309. Bachmani. Kirtl. 310. Carinenta. Cram. ERYCINID^. ERYCININ.E. Lemonias, West. 311. Mormo, Feld. 312. Duryi, Edw. 313. Cythera, Edw. 314. Virgulti, Behr. 315. Nais, Edw. 316. Palmerii, Edw. 317. Ares, Edw. Dim. form Cleis, Edw. LIST OF SPECIES. Efetgoxa, Bois. 343. Strigosa, Harr. 318. Abreas, Edw. 344. 345. Putnami, H. Edw. Spadix, H. Edw. Calephelis, Gr.-Rob. 346. Tetra, Behr. 319. Ci^nius, Linn. 347. Chalcis, Behr. 320. Borealis, Gr.-Rob. 348. Soepiiini, Bd. 321. Australis, Edw. Var. Fulvescens, H. E( 322. Nemesis, Edw. 349. Nelsoni, Bd. Var. Exoleta, H. Edw. EuMEXiA, Latr. Var. Muirii, H. '. Edw. 323. Atala, Poey. 350. 351. 352. Adenostomatis, H, Tacita, H. Edw. Spinetorura, Bd. , Edw. LYCiENID^. 353. 354. Siva, Edw. Castalis, Edw. LYCJENmJE. 355. 356. Smilacis, Bd.-Lec. Acis, Dru. Thecla, Fabr. 357. 7 Poeas, Hub. 324. Grunus, Bd. 358. Columella, Fab. 325. Crysalus, Edw. 359. Clytie, Edw. 326. Halesns, Cram. 300. Leda, Edw. 327. M Album, Bd.-Lec. 361. Ines, Edw. 328. Favonius, Sm.-Abb. 362. Behrii, Edw. 329. Autolycus, Edw. 363. Augustus, Kirby. 330. Alcestis, Edw. 364. Iroides, Bd. 331. Humuli, Harr. 365. Fotis, Str. 332. Melinus, Hiib. 366. Irus, Godt. 333. Acadica, Edw. Var. Arsace, Bd.- ■Lee. 334. Calif ornica, Edw. Var. Mossii, H. Edw. Var. Cygnus, Edw. 367. Henrici, Gr.-Rob. 335. Itys, Edw. 368. Eryphon, Bd. 336. Auretorum, Bd. 369. Niphon, Hiib. 337. Dryope, Edw. 370. Affinis, Edw. 338. Sylvinus, Bd. 371. Dumetorum, Bd. 339. Edwardsii, Saund. 372. Apama, Edw. 340. Wittfeldii, Edw. 373. Sheridanii, Edw. 341. Calanus, Hiib. 374. Lteta, Edw. Var. Lorata, Gr.-Rob. 375. Fuliginosa, Edw. 342. Ontario, Edw. 376. Titus, Fab. LIST OF SPECIES. Feniseca, Grote. 409. Kodiak, Edw. 377. Tarquinius, Fab 410. 411. Xerxes, Bd. Antiacis, Bd. Chrysophanus, Doubl. Var. Behrii, Edw. 378. Arota, Bd. Var. Mertila, Edw. 379. Virginiensis, Ed \v. Aberr. Orcus, Edw. 380. Hermes, Edw. 412. Couperii, Gro. 381. Xanthoides, Bd. 413. Afra, Edw. 382. Dione, Sc. 414. Lygdamas, Doubl. 383. Editlia, Mead. Western form Oro, So. 384. Gorgon, Bd. 415. Sagittigera, Feld. 385. Thoe, Bd.-Lec. 416. Speciosa, H. Edw. 386. Mariposa, Reak. 417. Sonorensis, Feld. 387. Zeroe, Bd. 418. Podarce, Feld. 388. Helloides, Bd. 419. Aquilo, Bd. 389. Floras. Edw. 420. Rustica, Edw. 390. Dorcas, Kirby. 421. Enoptes, Bd. 391. Epixanthe, Bd.-] Lee. 422. Glaucon, Edw. 392. Hypoplileas, Bd. 423. Battoides, Behr. Var. Feildenii, McLacb. 424. Shasta, Edw. 393. Cupreus, Edw. 425. Melissa, Edw. 394. Snowi, Edw. 426. Scudderii, Edw. 395. Rubidus, Behr. 427. Lotis, Lintn. 396. Sirius, Edw. 428. 429. Acmon, Doubl. -Hew. Aster, Edw. Lyc.exa, Fab. 430. Annetta, Mead. 397. Heteronea. Bd. 431. Anna, Edw. 398. Clara, H. Edw. 432. Pseudargiolus, Bd.-Lec. 399. Lycea, Edw. 1. Winter form Lucia, Kirby. 400. Fulla, Edw. 2. Winter form Marginata, Edw, 401. Daedalus, Behr. 3. Winter form Violacea, Edw. 402. Saspioliis, Bd. Var. ^ y^-r / fey-' M4R S 1882 ) BOSTON HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY CI)c astbcmDe pxm, Cambridge LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 1879 THE Butterflies OF North America WITH COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS BY W. H. EDWARDS SECOND SERIES.- PART IX. AR 8 1882 J BOSTON HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY d)e astbemne 'pum, Cainbrilsge LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. i8So THE Butterflies OF North America WITH COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS BY VV. H. EDWARDS SECOND SERIES.- PART X IZ^^fj BOSTON HOUGHTON. MIFFLIN AND COMPANY %\)z ISibemDe ^xz$%, CambriDge LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 1882 /^ THE Butterflies OF North America WITH COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS W. H. EDWARDS SECOND SERIES.- PART XI. HOUGHTON, IVt^gfej^ii^ND COMPANY Cl)e !Sit>er0it)c p>re03, Cambntsge LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 1883 THE Butterflies OF North America WITH COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS W. H. EDWARDS SECOND SERIES -PART XII. JUN 28 inf!" BOSTON HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Cl^e KiberjSiDe 'pctm, CambriDge LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 1884 THE Butterflies OF North America WITH COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS BY W. H. EDWARDS SECOND SERIES -PART XIII. HOUGHTON, MIFFLLbKAND COMPANY Cl)e IRibcmDe pvm, Cambntige LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. 1885 ADVERTISEMENT. The Second Volume of the "Butterflies of North Amei'ica" will not be strictly confined to the descriptions and delineations of new species. In the Advertisement to the First, I mentioned the fact that the preparatory stages of even our old and common species of butterflies were scarcely better known than in the days of Abbot, well nigh a century ago. But within the past four or five years a great advance has been made in this respect, and what w^is true in 1868 is no longer so. Through the labors of a few zealous naturalists, it is now possible to trace from the egg, through successive larval phases to the chrysalis and butterfly, a large number of North American species about which little or nothing was then known. To illustrate some of these changes will, I hope, render this volume both interesting and valuable. I am pleased to be able to say that I have the cooperation of Miss Peart and Mrs. Bowen, which is an assurance that the execution of the Plates .shall equal in fidelity and finish those before published. The Plates belonging to each Genus will not always be issued in sequence, as is observable in Part I., but when the close of the Volume is reached, all will be found in proper order. With the last Part, a revised Synopsis of Species will be given. •* *■ W. 11. EDWARDS. COALBURGII, W. Va., Ajirit 1, 1874.